BC STUDIES 2019 INTERSECTIONS: PEOPLES AND PLACES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Children at Play, Steveston, 1936. May 2 – 4, 2019 Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC Secwépemc Territory Thompson Rivers University is situated on the traditional and unceded Secwépemc (Shuswap) Territory. We acknowledge and give honour to the Secwépemc – the ancestral peoples who have lived here for thousands of years. The Secwépemc maintain a spiritual and practical relationship to the land, water, air, animals, plants and all things needed for life on mother earth. It is with that in mind that we owe this debt of gratitude. There are approximately 7,000 Secwépemc people in the territory, which span 180,000 square kilometres through the interior plateau of south-central British Columbia. The mountain ranges, grasslands and river valleys surrounding the Fraser, and North and South Thompson rivers create the boundaries of the territory. TRU has one of the largest Indigenous student populations among BC post-secondary institutions, with well over 2,000 students (about 10%). In addition to Secwépemc students, Indigenous students at TRU come from several BC nations, including the Carrier, Okanagan, Nuxalk, and Nlaka’pamux as well as students of Metis and Inuit ancestry. 2 Welcome to BC Studies 2019 Welcome to Thompson Rivers University, located in beautiful Kamloops, British Columbia, on the Tk’emlups te Secwépemc territory within the unceded traditional lands of Secwepemcúl’ecw. TRU is very proud to host the 2019 BC Studies Conference on Intersections: Peoples and Places in British Columbia. This conference brings together researchers from across British Columbia and beyond who are working in all areas of study, including sociology, history, law, literature, food policy, tourism, and many more. The program is rich, comprised of a diverse selection of papers, posters, and panels that promise to stimulate fruitful discussion on the many intersections both within and between peoples and places in British Columbia, past and present. We would like thank Dr. Marianne Ignace and Chief Dr. Ronald E. Ignace for their keynote address, TRU Elders Margaret Hyslop and Mike Arnouse for their words of welcome, Vernie Clement for his excellent drumming, and Kenthen Thomas for sharing with us his Secwépemc storytelling. Thanks also to TRU President and Vice Chancellor Brett Fairbairn for welcoming our guests, and to Tina Matthew and the TRU Office of Indigenous Education for their support of this conference. We gratefully acknowledge financial support provided by the TRU Faculty of Arts, the TRU Office of Research and Graduate Studies, the TRU Office of the Provost, and BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly. Thanks also to the Simon Fraser History Department for providing funds in support of a celebratory launch of Jack Little’s book. A heartfelt thanks to our “small but mighty” team, including Julie John of Be Inspired Events for providing ongoing event assistance, and Stephanie Tate for coordinating the volunteers. We are grateful to the many students who volunteered their time to ensure the smooth running of this conference, and to the TRU faculty, administration, and staff members who gave so generously of their time to help make this conference a reality. Thank you all for joining with us to share and learn about BC Studies. We hope that you enjoy the conference! Tina Block (Associate Professor, History) and Brenda Smith (Open Education Librarian) Co-Chairs, BC Studies Conference, 2019 3 Keynote address: Dr. Marianne Ignace and Chief Dr. Ronald Ignace on Secwépemc People, Land, and Laws: Yerí7 Re Stsq'ey's-kucw Marianne Boelscher Ignace Marianne Ignace is Professor in the departments of Linguistics and First Nations Studies at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, and is also the Director of SFU’s First Nations Language Centre. She has carried out research in and with First Nations communities for more than 40 years, and her publications include The Curtain Within: Haida Social and Symbolic Discourse (1989), A practical grammar of Ts’msyen Sm’algyax co-authored with Margaret Anderson, books on Indigenous language planning and curriculum development for the First Nations Education Steering Committee (www.fnesc.ca), and most recently, co-edited with Nancy Turner and Sandra Peacock, Secwépemc People and Plants: Research Papers on Shuswap Ethnobotany, and, with Ron Ignace, Secwépemc People, Land and Laws – Yeri7 re Stsq̓ey̓s-kucw, an epic journey through 10,000 years of Secwépemc history. She has authored many articles and book chapters on such diverse topics as ethno-ecology, Indigenous sense of place, language revitalization, oral history, oratory and stories, and youth hip-hop culture. A resident of the Skeetchestn community in the Secwépemc Nation, she has researched and taught courses in First Nations Studies and Indigenous language for the past twenty years in many communities in the Secwepemc nation, in Haida Gwaii, many other Indigenous communities, and at SFU. She presently directs a SSHRC partnership grant (2013-2020) focused on First Nations language documentation and revitalization. Chief Dr. Ronald E. Ignace Chief Ronald E. Ignace (Stsmél̓qen) is a member of the Secwépemc (Shuswap) Nation. He has been the elected Chief of the Skeetchestn Band for more than 26 years since the early 1980s, and also served as Chairman of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council and president of the Secwépemc 4 Cultural Education Society during the 1990s. For many years he was the cochair of the Aboriginal university partnership between the Secwépemc and Simon Fraser University in Kamloops, B.C., and he continues to teach courses in Secwépemc Language and First Nations Studies through SFU. He holds B.A. and M.A. Degrees in Sociology from the University of British Columbia, and completed his PhD in Anthropology at Simon Fraser University in 2008 with a dissertation titled Our Oral Histories are Our Iron Posts: Secwépemc Stories and Historical Consciousness. He has published and copublished with Marianne Ignace, several articles and book chapters on Secwépemc history, ethnobotany, language and culture, most recently the epic Secwépemc People, Land and Laws: Yeri7 re stsq’ey’s-kucw (McGill-Queens University Press 2017). Having been raised by his great-grandparents, Ron is a fluent speaker of Secwepemctsin and has more than sixty years of practical experience in Secwépemc traditional food gathering, having learned these skills from his own elders, who shared their stories and teachings in the Secwépemc language with him. 5 CONFERENCE VENUES House of Learning TRU Campus International Building TRU Campus Campus Activity Centre TRU Campus 6 Wifi at BC Studies: Guest username: bcstudies Guest password: rtwxii Twitter hashtag: #bcstudies2019 Safe Walk Service on campus: If you would like someone to accompany you to your vehicle or elsewhereon campus, please contact security services by calling 5033 from within theTRU telephone system or 250-828-5033 from an external line. Parking at TRU: Pay parking is in effect on the TRU campus from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm, Monday to Friday. Parking is free in the evenings and on weekends. Most BC Studies conference sessions will take place in the International Building.We recommend that conference attendees park in Lot H ($5 per day on weekdays) or Lot N ($4 per day on weekdays). For further information anda TRU parking map, visit: https://www.tru.ca/transportation/parking.html 7 PROGRAM THURSDAY MAY 2: Registration: 11:00 am-5:30 pm (IB Foyer)Opening: 1:00-1:30 pm (IB 1015) Welcome and Introductions: Elder Margaret Hyslop Brett Fairbairn, President and Vice Chancellor, Thompson Rivers University 1:45-3:15 pm: Concurrent Sessions Session 1: Injustice in the Everyday (IB 1015) Chair: Eryk Martin (Kwantlen Polytechnic University) Nicole Yakashiro (University of British Columbia): The Difficulty of Daffodils:Examining Japanese-Canadian Dispossession Beyond property Loss This paper traces the history of the daffodil in the Fraser Valley both as a technology of settler colonialism and as revealing the fallibility of settler-colonial property logics in the context of the dispossession of Japanese-Canadians. Interrogating daffodils in the everyday prompts understandings of historical violence beyond property loss alone. Laura Ishiguro (University of British Columbia): “Just another day”: Emotion and the Unjust Everyday in Nikkei Teenagers’ Letters from the MidTwentieth Century Analyzing Nikkei teenagers’ letters from the Second World War, this paper argues that they represent emotions far beyond the narrow trinity – anger, sadness, stoicism – through which this period of Japanese Canadian history is usually told. This correspondence reveals an emotional everyday that radically reframes prevailing narratives of Nikkei wartime experiences. 8 Meghan Longstaffe (University of British Columbia): “I don’t feel safe”: SingleRoom Occupancy Hotels as Places of Women’s Precarity and Homelessness in Vancouver’s Long 1970s Through analysis of quotidian violence in and of Vancouver’s SROs during the long 1970s, I demonstrate that having a roof over one’s head did not always mean that women had housing. I argue that a more nuanced understanding of homelessness is crucial to address low-income women’s vulnerability to gendered violence. Angela Kruger (Queen’s University): “In that ‘zact same room”: The Everydayness of Life and Death in the SROs of Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside For Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside, particularly in the context of the ongoing homelessness and fentanyl crises, SRO (Single Room Occupancy) hotels stand as sites of people’s survival and their unjust deaths. In this paper, I explore the SRO everyday, arguing that tenants are not passive recipients of crisis, but active responders. Session 2: Issues in Ethnography and Ethnogenesis (IB 1010) Chair: Ted Binnema (University of Northern British Columbia) Lydia Fisher (Campbell River Museum): The James Hepburn Northwest CoastCollection at the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology This presentation introduces the James Hepburn Northwest Coast collection held at the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge, England. James Hepburn (18111869) was a naturalist and collector based in Victoria and San Francisco who undertook ethnographic collecting on the HMS Devastation at Sitka, Fort Simpson and Metlakatla during Autumn 1862. The 1860s were a period of intense cultural change on the Northwest Coast with an influx of newcomers, introduced infectious diseases and an increasing missionary presence. The Tsimshian of Metlakatla and Fort Simpson, and the missionary William Duncan are central to this story. During the 1862 smallpox epidemic, Duncan encouraged the Tsimshian to relocate their community and relinquish items connected to their sacred histories and ceremonies that were incompatible with Christian values. William Duncan sold some of these items to James Hepburn which became part of the 9 founding collections at MAA, and their first from the Northwest Coast. This collection is one of the earliest to emerge from Metlakatla and provides a compelling account of missionary encounters and cultural change. The Hepburn collection includes masks, soul catchers, clappers, dishes and items of personal adornment. Michel Bouchard (University of Northern British Columbia): JeanBaptisteBoucher dit Waccan and the Traces of Métis Ethnogenesis in British Columbia Jean-Baptiste Boucher dit Waccan was a formidable force in northern and central British Columbia. He accompanied Simon Fraser in descending the river that now bear’s the latter’s name and was a pivotal employee for the later HBC serving as interpreter and occasional enforcer, feared and respected widely. His descendants include, among others, Margaret “Granny” Seymour who was in 1958 identified as a “French Indian” in the local press. This presentation will examine Boucher dit Waccan’s history and examine his life as an archetypal figure of the numerous fur trading employees living across what is now British Columbia. His children and grandchildren were identified in the 1881 census as “French Half-breed” and Margaret Seymour clearly spoke French as well as others notably former HBC employees such as Pierre Roy and Joseph Tappage. The latter was identified in the 1881 census as a “Red River Halfbreed born in BC.” The number of individuals in the Cariboo district identified directly and indirectly as being “French Halfbreed” hints to the existence of an embryonic historical Métis community in the region. This paper will thus probe this too often overlooked history to examine the role these Métis played in the history of the region and the province. 10 Session 3: Sustainability and Conservation in Past and Present (IB1020) Chair: Ben Bradley (Network in Canadian History and Environment) Glenn Iceton (University of Saskatchewan): Enforcing an Arbitrary Boundary:Hunting, Trapping, and the BC-Yukon Border In 1925, BC’s government issued regulations requiring the registration of traplines within the province. North of the BCYukon Territory border, the territorial government sought temporal rather than spatial means to conserve furbearers by enforcing closed seasons on certain animals. This situation meant that two contiguous jurisdictions which shared a largely arbitrary border, were in a position where they were enforcing divergent wildlife conservation policies. Exacerbating the situation, this borderland was remote, rendering it difficult for government agents to enforce laws. Weather it was furs, meat, or trophies to adorn the walls of southern sport hunters, wildlife in the Yukon-BC borderland was important economically and for the subsistence of the local population, Indigenous and non-Indigenous. Since the implementation of regulations concerning wildlife conservation often had repercussions for individuals living beyond the boundaries of their respective jurisdictions, this paper examines the ways in which both the BC and Yukon governmental administrations affected hunting and trapping activities in neighbouring jurisdictions. The BC-Yukon border is an arbitrary boundary following the sixtieth parallel North. This boundary cut across bioregions and the cultural geographies of the Indigenous peoples who inhabited these borderlands. Similarly, White hunters found it easy to cross the border for hunting and trapping purposes, especially as aviation became increasingly common during the 1930s. While previous studies have typically been confined within Euro-Canadian political boundaries, this paper considers how these different types of boundaries influenced the extent to which wildlife conservation affected hunters and trappers in adjacent regions. 11 Petermax Neumann (Thompson Rivers University) and Courtney Mason(Thompson Rivers University): Sustainable Management of Backcountry Environments: Tourism, Technology and Climate Change As access to sensitive alpine environments is made easier through technological innovation, climate change and a growing tourism sector in Western Canada, regulation and management practices must be developed to protect these ecologically sensitive areas. The 2016 Transport Canada approval of the Aero Designs Ltd. helicopter bike rack has created an economically viable tourism opportunity for mountain bike enthusiasts to access fragile mountain environments. While there is plenty of existing literature on the ecological impacts of mountain biking, there are limited resources available that give insight into management solutions specific to backcountry trails in Western Canada. The key objective of this research is to examine the appropriateness of current industry standards, best practices and policies related to trail design, construction, access and management in there application to backcountry environments. Qualitative methods in the form of in-depth interviews will be used with key stakeholders who are currently using and managing both frontcountry and backcountry trail networks. It is imperative to understand the acting power relations between key stakeholder groups, such as multiple layers of government, small business owners, land managers, First Nations and park official’s due to the complex history of land use in Western Canada. This research will assist in the creation and development of a more sustainable tourism management strategy for summer use of backcountry terrain. While focusing on sustainable management of a growing industry, this study will also develop a better understanding of the effects that climate change is having on tourism economies in Western Canada. Adam Zelmer (Thompson Rivers University): Managing Rock Climbing in Canada’s Rocky Mountain National Parks This research examines how to create sustainable adventure recreation destinations in protected natural spaces, with a specific focus on rock climbing in Canada’s Rocky Mountain National Parks. Climbing is experiencing a global surge in participation and will debut as a showcase sport at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan. Canada’s National Parks and 12 Historic Sites are also experiencing an all-time high in popularity, with over 27 million visitors in 2017. Change is necessary to ensure the integrity of the Rocky Mountain National Parks is preserved for future generations. As tourist numbers grow, fragile alpine environments are increasingly exposed to the problems that accompany higher volumes of human traffic. Existing legislation and management planning for the national parks is outdated with regards to climbing. The bolting of climbing routes remains largely illegal under the Canada National Parks Act (S.C. 2002, c. 32), and no best practices guide or climbing management plan exists for the Rocky Mountain National Parks. Climate change creates further challenges, as increasing numbers of adventure recreationalists venture farther and stay longer in alpine environments during warmer and drier summers. There are also growing public safety concerns as climbing bolts can fail with time due to exposure to the elements), which can result in the injury or death of climbers. This paper concludes with proposing management solutions for climbing in the Rocky Mountain National Parks, and strategies in the climbing community to increase participation and compliance with environmentally sustainable development and management practices. 3:15-3:30 pm: Refreshment Break (IB Foyer)3:30-5:00 pm: Concurrent Sessions Session 1: Reflections on British Columbia Writing (IB 1015) Chair: Ginny Ratsoy (Thompson Rivers University) Mervyn Nicholson (Thompson Rivers University): Is Metaphor a Mode of Knowing? BC’s ‘Martyr’ Poet Gave an Answer Pat Lowther, the quintessential BC Coast poet, was murdered by her husband just as her career was beginning. The problem with understanding this writer’s place in British Columbiais that her horrifying death distracts from her writing. Biography steals attention that belongs to her writing. What makes Lowther interesting—as writer not as victim—is her fascination with metaphor. She is a master of metaphor. Metaphor is the identification of one thing with another: to see one thing as another. Metaphoric thinking is little understood, despite centuries of analysis. But metaphor is inescapable for 13 understanding reality. Thus we use metaphors to describe an electron as “particle” and as “wave”. Whatever an electron is, it is certainly not a particle—a chunk of matter—or a wave—but these visual images give us access to these unimaginable objects. Metaphors are tools for making sense of things. Lowther was a scientist of metaphor. She experimented with metaphors as means of understanding the West Coast world she loved. Richard Pickard (University of Victoria): Teaching BC Literature: Ecocriticism,Eco-grief, and Rage Ecocriticism’s potential to unsettle literary studies and English departments, through instruments as various as climate change anxiety, animal ethics, and the love of nature, has been a regular theme of field-surveying overviews. From Cheryl Glotfelty’s introduction to the 1996 Ecocriticism Reader, through Ella Soper and Nick Bradley’s to their 2013 Greening the Maple: Canadian Ecocriticism in Context, such overviews provide ecocritics with ready solace and strength for their potentially transformative missions as green researchers, writers, and teachers. This potential, however, remains unrealized. While such principled statements are enabling and empowering, ecocriticism remains to some extent a liberal fantasy and neoliberal distraction. Such, at least, has been my recent experience with a variable-content environmental humanities course I’ve taught regularly over the last decade, which this year featured Rita Wong’s undercurrent, Theresa Kishkan’s Winter Wren and Larissa Lai’s The Tiger Flu. And yet I remain convinced, as do my students, that a peculiar potency resides within place-attentive literature from and of a place where a course is running. In this paper, which will draw heavily on my students’ contributions, I will describe how we managed to open up to and about our eco-grief and rage, in reading these three literary works and through successive encounters with key ecocritical texts (notably Wong’s “Decolonizasian”). The act of placing our intellectual and emotional responses to environmental crisis helped us, as one student put it, to “bring everything we’ve ever learned, to bear on everything we’re doing”: to productively unsettle ourselves and our studies. 14 Nicholas Bradley (University of Victoria): Assent and Dissent in the CanadianWest: The Problems of Literary History in BC Regionalism has been a shaping force in Canadian literary studies for as long as that field has existed, and writers from western Canada have long asserted the distinctiveness of their traditions and themes. As the study of Canadian literature shifts away from an emphasis on the nation itself—a decadeslong process that has assumed particular urgency in the wake of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Final Report (2015)—the matter of writing literary history has become acutely difficult, and regionalism has largely been relegated to an earlier phase of Canadian literary historiography. In this paper, I will propose the continuing relevance of regional approaches. In particular, I will analyze various attempts by non-Indigenous authors in British Columbia to understand their place in the territories of Indigenous peoples, and to imagine alternatives to the paternalism of the Canadian state. My aim is not to disentangle Canadian literature from Canada itself, nor to provide a sanguine view of the past, but rather to illuminate currents of resistance to national narratives of peace, order, and good government. I will concentrate on the example of Al Purdy, a poet with an affinity for western Canada. Despite his profound connections to Ontario, his literary career began in BC. He made important friendships in Vancouver in the 1940s and 1950s, and his extensive western travels, especially in the northern province, shaped his imagination. By examining Purdy’s case, I seek to shed light on the cultural ironies and paradoxes of what has been and what remains, in J. Edward Chamberlin’s phrase, “a civil and uncivil society.” 15 Session 2: Remaking and Remembering British Columbia (IB 1020) Chair: Marianne Ignace (Simon Fraser University) Madeline Knickerbocker (Simon Fraser University): Kw’eqwá:líth’á Christians: Ts’elxwéyeqw Methodists Shaping Missionary and Residential School Activities, 1869-1910 Indigenous survivors and scholars have asserted that the Coqualeetza residential school was an exceptional institution: graduates took up notable public roles, and many of the abuses characteristic of residential schools did not occur there, perhaps because of its staff’s progressive attitudes. Relying on archival and oral history sources, this paper explores how Ts’elxwéyeqw Methodists’ engagements (collaborative labour, lay evangelism, and financial investment) shaped the institution and its more humane ethos. Chantal Norrgard (University of British Columbia): An Indigenous History of the 1893 Fraser River Fishermen’s Strike This paper explores indigenous fishers’ participation in the Fraser River Fishermen’s strike of 1893 as a means to protest settler colonialism and the restriction of their fishing rights. It argues that indigenizing and decolonizing North American labour history entails more than just including indigenous workers in the picture – it entails reckoning with settler colonialism and how it shaped the industries in which indigenous workers made a living and how they resisted capitalist and state encroachment. Emma Battell Lowman (University of Hertfordshire, UK): Decolonizing Missionary Histories: Imperative and Action in the 21st Century Missionary histories are inseparable from many histories of colonization, and the archival records of missionary activity are invaluable to understanding Indigenous-Settler histories of British Columbia. Investigating the lives of two missionaries in the British Columbia interior, this paper lays out an approach to missionary histories based in Indigenous research methodologies and settler colonial analysis consistent with contemporary frameworks for decolonizing historical practice. Engaged in this way, the stories of these two have a great deal to tell us about how British Columbia has come to be. 16 Session 3: Panel discussion - The Anthony Martin BC Penitentiary Collection at TRU: Disseminating the Archive (TRU Law Library – Old Main 3631) **For assistance locating this session, please visit theregistration desk in the IB Foyer. Chair: Jennifer Murphy (Thompson Rivers University) Participants: Jennifer Murphy (Thompson Rivers University), Mary Hemmings (Thompson Rivers University), P.J. Murphy (Thompson RiversUniversity), and Kristina Bradshaw (Thompson Rivers University). This panel is a sequel to “Relocating the Martin BC Penitentiary Archive at the Old Courthouse in Kamloops”, BC Studies Conference, May 3, 2013, Douglas College, New Westminster, “Transforming British Columbia”. This session was well attended and generated a lot of interest among archivists, curators, and local historians. If, as Michel Foucault argued, our institutional structures form a “carceral net”, then prison as a key intersectional point in that network can tell us a great deal about ourselves, our convictions, and our attitudes towards marginalized peoples. This panel will focus on major developments in networking the Archive since the earlier presentation in 2013. Foremost among these is the establishment of a designated Archival Room in the TRU law library. Our panel could, indeed, be held there; in addition to archival holdings, a number of curated exhibitions and various art works are on display. Jennifer Murphy will discuss the Catalogue for the Collection that she compiled with curator, Kristina Bradshaw. Mary Hemmings will discuss how the website for the Collection has been made available to TRUSpace thousands of vintage photographic images et al. P. J. Murphy will raise a number of possibilities for scholarly research on this Archive of provincial and national importance. 17 7:00 pm: Keynote Address (House of Learning 190) Drummer: Vernie Clement Introduction: Tina Matthew (Associate Director, TRU Office of IndigenousEducation) Keynote Address: Dr. Marianne Ignace and Chief Dr. Ronald E. Ignace, Secwépemc People, Land, and Laws: Yerí7 Re Stsq'ey's-kucw Dr. Marianne Ignace and Chief Dr. Ronald E. Ignace are the authors of Secwépemc People, Land, and Laws: Yerí7 re Stsq’ey’s-kucw. Through the lens of past and present Indigenous storytellers, the book covers the 10,000 year history of the Interior Plateau nation in British Columbia. Followed by refreshments in the House of Learning Foyer 18 FRIDAY MAY 3: Registration: 8:00 am-5:30 pm (IB Foyer)8:30-9:00 am: Refreshments (IB Foyer) 9:00-10:30 am: Concurrent Sessions Session 1: Food, Culture, and Community (IB 1015) Chair: Courtney Mason (Thompson Rivers University) Danielle Robinson (University of Guelph/Okanagan College): You Can’t Eat the View: Food, Culture and Sustainability in South Okanagan Tourism Researchers concerned with the complex, interrelated, and multi-scalar relationships between culture and rural tourism development have explored both positive and negative dimensions in diverse contexts; however, more systematic attention to the concept of cultural sustainability in the context of rural tourism is needed to design supportive policies and processes. This qualitative research investigates the relationships between local food cultures, sustainability and rural tourism in the South Okanagan region of British Columbia. Findings from semi-structured interviews with tourism leaders in strategic roles related to tourism development in the South Okanagan explore how concepts such as local food culture and sustainability are understood and mobilized in rural tourism contexts and to what purpose. Focus group findings provide insights into processes through which researchers can work with community stakeholders to enhance cultural sustainability. This research is supported by a Rural Policy and Learning Commons (RPLC) Research & Exchanges Service Rural Policy Research Grant, and will also include a comparative case study in Nova Scotia in order to evaluate the conceptualizations and mobilizations of local food culture and sustainability in two Canadian rural tourism settings with a particular emphasis on the role of related planning, policy and governance. 19 Lindsay Harris (University of British Columbia): Passionate Interests and Community Decision Making: The Kamloops Food Policy Council since 1995 Kamloops, BC is renowned for its community investment in food security – home to Canada’s oldest grassroots food policy council, it also has well-established municipal support for food security programs. Since its formation in 1995, the Kamloops Food Policy Council (KFPC) has collectively made decisions about the initiatives it values, including informal conversations over potlucks, strategic planning and participation in formal community consultation processes. These ongoing processes of deliberation reflect what Bruno Latour describes as the “passionate interests” of actors: intense attachments between members assembled around matters of concern that result in a reconceptualization of “value” as impromptu, mobile, and intransitive. Drawing on ethnographic and archival research conducted with the KFPC since 2017, I situate the network’s decision-making and valuation practices in the broader historical context of agricultural disinvestment in the Kamloops region. As long-term economic and regulatory trends have eroded production and diversity in the sector, the priorities and interests of KFPC have grown more expansive despite the constraints that limit the possibilities of their work. I argue that, as members of the Kamloops food system network assemble around their urgent matters of concern, other “things” function as decision makers alongside them: past and current agricultural infrastructure, consultative planning documents, and indeed, the land itself. Though the network often takes up initiatives that fundamentally don’t compute (in terms of dollars or calories), they erode reliance on dispassionate calculation and render alternative processes of valuation transparent. 20 Alvin Meledath (Vancouver Island University), Rae Wilson (Vancouver Island University), Amber Crittenden (Vancouver Island University), and Lauren Robilliard (Vancouver Island University): The Good Food Box Program:An Evaluation of Nutritional Sustainability in Nanaimo, BC Our research examines how Nanaimo Foodshare’s Good Food Box program enhances nutrition, access to nutritious food, and the social well-being of the food insecure demographic. Research shows that improving access to nutritious food supports the physical and psychological well-being of individuals and their families while also creating positive community connections. Valued at seventeen dollars, the Good Food Box program offers a monthly box of fruits and vegetables to members of the community for ten dollars per month, which aids food insecure individuals in stretching their income and receiving healthy food on a monthly basis. Through our study, we conducted a nutritional assessment of the Good Food Box based on its contents, portions, and frequency of intake. Surveys and interviews with Food Box users and a dietician provided insight into how well the Good Food Box program is reaching individuals in need of the service. Our research suggests there is a need to understand the cultural diversity of the community in order to move beyond nutrition and support social well-being. Session 2: Archival and Digital Histories (IB 1020) Chair: Emma Battell Lowman (University of Hertfordshire, UK) Celia Nord (Simpcw First Nation): Archival Research for First Nations Communities: A Comprehensive Approach to BC Histories Archival research for First Nations in BC can be challenging. Working closely with communities is a necessity in this type of work. Besides community oral histories and knowledge, tracking down government and corporate correspondence, reports and other resources that support their Title & Rights requires patience and organization. An understanding of the histories of BC First Nations and those who ‘managed their affairs’, and ‘collected’ their artifacts and ethnographies is just a beginning. Even a small area of a larger First Nations territory can historically be represented in numerous provincial and federal ministry documents including Parks, Game Wardens, 21 Fisheries, Railways and Highways. Many relevant items could also be in private or corporate collections. Piecing together the histories from a letter here, and a report there can be exciting work. Spending days going through numerous boxes and files in archives and not finding any relevant documentation is not unusual and takes a certain level of commitment and long-term vision. Maps and photographs, as well as oral histories also need to be viewed or listened to. In this presentation I will look at how historic documents in the Tete Jaune Cache area can support First Nations Title and Rights as well as enhance our understanding of this part of BC History. Histories in Tete Jaune Cache area, from between 1907 and 1917, reveal a time of upheaval for First Nations families that adds to our understanding of this decade. Linking First Nations histories with documents from multiple sources can expand our understanding of our province’s past and encourages a holistic approach to archival research. Paige Hohmann (University of British Columbia) and Chris Hives (University of British Columbia): Digitized Okanagan History: A Regional Approach to Archival Digitization in BC’s Southern Interior This practice-focused paper outlines the genesis and development of a digitization project coordinated by UBC Okanagan Library in partnership with memory institutions located throughout British Columbia’s Okanagan region. This project is represented in the Digitized Okanagan History web portal (http://doh.arcabc.ca>). The increasing ubiquity and sophistication of the web environment has changed research by making information more available, both in terms of volume and in the breakdown of obstacles to its access. This change has also led to shifting expectations among researchers for an immediate electronic connection to resources and a proportionally lowered tolerance for time investment into the research process. This, along with a lack of public familiarity with nature, goals, and charactertistics of archives leads to a situation of chronic underuse and understudy of primary source documentation of British Columbia’s past at the local level. Compounding this, many repositories lack the tools to bring a project to completion alone, even when they do recognize the inherent value of digization for access. Digitized Okanagan History lowers barriers to research interactions with 22 community-held archival resources by providing a centralized model of resource allocation. Resources in this context include funding, conduits to technological infrastructure, dissemination of training and best practices, professional support, and increased stability over extended time horizons, as afforded by the University structure. Primary among guiding principles to this project is a strengths-based methodology which contributes to the constructive rupture and redefinition of archival space, and depends on a radically regional, humanoriented strategy for building and sustaining a functional, collective digital repository. Paige Raibmon (University of British Columbia): As I Remember It: A DigitalRemediation Project This paper discusses the collaborative process through which a team of authors (including myself) remediated a successful print publication and transformed it into a digital book. The three authors of Written as I Remember It (UBC Press 2014), decided to pursue what we originally conceived as a digital companion to the original text. We realized, however, that a more important opportunity lay before us: namely, to produce a quite different book that would be accessible and appealing to different audiences, most particularly to Tla’amin community members themselves, as well as to students of all ages (kindergarten through university.) The result is As I Remember It (UBC Press 2019). In working on this book, we grappled with the problem, common to in Indigenous digital humanities projects, that despite the muchlauded democratizing potential of digital forms, the internet is also a site that can easily expediate and expand (rather than eliminate) the colonial theft Indigenous intellectual property. In addition, we struggled with the implications of the new K-12 curriculum for how to teach and present Indigenous materials in classroom settings. Here too, the issue of intellectual property and expertise was paramount. Even as we articulated the digital book to the specifics of the curriculum, we realized that teachers without expertise in Indigenous studies were prone to mis-interpret or mis-apply the material. Our project offers one example in which an Indigenous knowledge-holder engages the internet towards decolonizing/anti-colonial ends, while mediating the risk posed by the internet her status as a privileged knowledge holder. 23 Session 3: Dam High Modernism in British Columbia: The Rhetoricof High Modernism and the Two Rivers Policy (IB 1010) Chair: Duff Sutherland (Selkirk College) Frank Leonard (University of Victoria): “Low Modernism” in the WennerGrenBritish Columbia Project, 1956-61 James C. Scott's notion of “high modernism” has been recently been deployed, and critiqued, in accounts of BC Hydro and Power Authority's planning and construction of the Bennett Dam. This paper offers “low modernism” as a more accurate descriptor of the activities of Hydro's predecessor concern, the Wenner-Gren (BC) Development Company (WGBC), and its offshoot, Peace River Power Development Company. An examination of scattered managerial correspondence in Swedish reveals that while WGBC leaders rehearsed platitudes about scientific progress and development for press conferences and newspapers, they were more concerned, indeed, obsessed with acquiring funds to cover the increasingly frequent loan calls on a growing debt for previous expenditures. James Willard Hurst's venerable notion of "bastard pragmatism" better describes the activities of the predecessor company. Takaia Larsen (Selkirk College): They Saw Things Like a State “And Then theWaters Rose”: High Modernism and Memories of the Arrow Lakes Based in oral historical testimonies, this paper will discuss important elements of life in the rural communities along the Arrow Lakes prior to the construction of the High Arrow Dam (now the Hugh Keenleyside Dam) and the creation of the Arrow Lakes Reservoir. Through a discussion of community connectedness along the Lakes prior to hydro-development and the disappearance of those connections after the completion of the project, it will show that the "high modernist" developments promised by WAC Bennett's government never materialized in the Arrow Lakes region. Indeed, the resulting "development" actually destroyed the preexisting connectedness of this region through decreased production, degraded service and hindered communication. 24 Daniel Sims (University of Alberta, Augustana): Colonialism’s New Cloak: High Modernism and the Peace River Project In the spring of 1957 the newspapers of British Columbia revealed, and sometimes celebrated, an agreement between the province and Axel Wenner-Gren that appeared to promise the creation of a monorail from Prince George to the Yukon border within a huge private development reserve. That fall a second memorandum called for the construction of hydroelectric dams on the Peace River. Both projects were frequently justified by high modernist rhetoric that promised to develop northern British Columbia. Hand in hand with this discussion was an erasure of the region's Indigenous and colonial past. Yet except for this change in discourse the objectives of the Peace River project were the same as earlier colonial projects. As result high modernism masked the colonial nature of the Peace River project through colonial erasure while at the same time providing “new” justifications for the colonial project. 25 10:30-10:45 am: Refreshment Break (IB Foyer)10:45 am-12:15 pm: Concurrent Sessions Session 1: Displacements: Resistance and Remembrance (IB 1015) Chair: Paige Raibmon (University of British Columbia) Shelly Ikebuchi (Okanagan College) and Takara Ketchell (University of Alberta): Eating Our Feelings: Cultural Loss and Reclamation in the Context of Cultural Domicide In this paper, we offer a multi-generational auto-ethnography of food. As mother and daughter, we explore and theorize our experiences of cultural loss that resulted from the internment of Japanese Canadians during World War II. Two theoretical concepts, domicide and memoricide frame our paper. Domicide, or the destruction of physical spaces of the home, results in memoricide or the loss of cultural memory (Eileen, 2001, 3). To this framework, we add the concept of cultural domicide. Here, we argue that domicide resulted in both spatial and affective consequences due to loss of culture. For our family, relocation meant not only the (re)making of physical homes, but also the cultural un/making and cultural reimagining of home. The affective component of home-making has had effects on how we have experienced our own cultural identities. Culture infuses the creation of both physical and affective spaces of home, while the home itself (how it is created and experienced) re/produces culture. In this paper we take three parallel trajectories in order to mine the intersections of culture and space (physical and affective) through an exploration of our relationships with food. The first trajectory is to examine the multi-generational impact of the loss of physical spaces (home) due to the internment. The second trajectory is the examination of resulting cultural memoricide, especially as it relates to cultural home-making and food. The third trajectory examines our cultural (and culinary) losses and our own journeys toward cultural reclamation through food. 26 Maia Wikler (University of British Columbia): Remembering Forward Development in British Columbia has and continues to operate within an extractivist, colonial framework with little regard to environmental or community impacts. In 1952, the Cheslatta T’En were forcibly removed from their homelands for Alcan’s Kenney Dam. Because of the frequent flooding of Nechako Reservoir, the Cheslatta live in constant tension with a permanently changed landscape as the bones of their ancestors and memories of their way of life continues to wash ashore. The coordinated and intentional efforts of Alcan and the Department of Indian Affairs to remove all material traces of the Cheslatta from their lands had devastating impacts that reach into their ancestral past, continue in the present, and shape Cheslatta’s collective action for a more just future. The Cheslatta’s memories of their lands and forced displacement are the traces that Alcan and the settler state could not erase. Today, with approximately 140 band members resettled onto 8 different reserves, scattered across over 170 miles, the Cheslatta struggle to reclaim their heritage in a land and space disconnected from what had been their homelands for thousands of years. Through an ethnohistorical and ethnographic analysis, I investigate the following: How are acts of resistance to displacement and dispossession informed by cultural meanings and memories of the land? What does resilience and agency look like on the ground, 66 years after dispossession and displacement? How do people come to grips with altered landscapes? Session 2: Interrogating Northern BC (IB 1010) Chair: Madeline Knickerbocker (Simon Fraser University) Jonathan Swainger (University of Northern British Columbia): Anxious at theVery Gates of Hell: Crime, Race and Community Identity on a North American Settlement Frontier, 1908-1925 Anxious at the Very Gates of Hell: Crime, Race and Community Identity on a North American Settlement Frontier, 1908-1925 Dr. Jonathan Swainger, University of Northern British Columbia This research examines the intersection of various factors – race, class, notions about the frontier, crime and disorder, along with aspirations of creating a well-ordered community – revealed in the early crime history of Prince George, British Columbia, between 1908 and 1925. Central to 27 this dynamic were ideals about ordered space in settled communities and who embodied the preferred residents of such places. In British Columbia’s northern interior, referred to as the Cariboo district, an anxious differentiation between the “old Cariboo” and the “new Cariboo” captured this contest. The distinction suggested that the latter community, with its preferred ordered space, would be free of alcohol, criminal excess and violence, and peopled with law-abiding Christians as one manifestation of the largely unquestioned assumption of White superiority in Canada. Guilty of overstating the character of community life at the confluence of the Nechako and Fraser Rivers, Reverend Melville Wright’s claim that his congregation existed near “the very gates of hell” suggested that links to the old Cariboo, with its mixed population, liquor, and its riotous approach to life, remained troubling and persistent, despite efforts to fashion the preferred identity. Matthew Barager (University of Northern British Columbia): “No Indians Allowed”: Challenging Racial Aboriginal Segregation in Post-World War II NorthernBritish Columbia My presentation, based upon my nearly completed master’s thesis, will investigate how indigenous and non-indigenous activists challenged the race-based policies of segregation and exclusion present in regional businesses throughout postWorld War II northern British Columbia. Specifically, this presentation will consider how these communities and activists employed the rhetoric of equality and citizenship to resist racial segregation; as well as how this discourse was articulated – and debated – in the public sphere in the region between Prince George to Prince Rupert during the period between 1945 to 1969. This presentation will also explore how activists framed their protests by drawing analogies between local incidents of racial discrimination and resistance to global theatres of racial conflict such as the Civil Rights movement emerging in the American South to garner public support. Finally, this presentation will analyze the extent in which regional newspapers actively shaped the rhetorical landscape in which this discourse surrounding racial discrimination, Aboriginal citizenship, and native activism were debated. My goal with this thesis, and this presentation, is to contribute to the growing, but small, literature on Aboriginal-white relations in 28 northern British Columbia. This presentation also endeavours to challenge some assumptions regarding Aboriginal activism in this region by demonstrating that indigenous and nonindigenous commentators drew inspiration from international theatres of racial conflict to frame discourse surrounding local racial discrimination. Similarly, this project will help demonstrate that this region was, and continues to be, shaped and give shape to the global historical developments. Session 3: Engaging and Building Communities (IB 1020) Chair: Chelsea Horton (University of Victoria) Bonnie Fournier (Thompson Rivers University) and Tracy Christianson (Thompson Rivers University): Engaging Rural BC Youth in Community and Arts-Based Participatory Research Youth who live in rural communities rarely have adequate access to health, social services and programs. Youth are often framed as “at risk” and subsequently programs are created to prevent youth from participating in high-risk behaviours (such as substance use, unhealthy eating, physical inactivity, violence, self-injury), which severely limits their ability to fully realize their potential as contributing members of society. Barriers regarding accessing programs and services may include a lack of confidential services, beliefs about effectiveness, or feeling stigmatized, patronized, unwelcome, and unworthy. Opportunities to find solutions to these barriers are not regularly afforded to youth. We report on a study in two British Columbia rural communities on how we are engaging youth using artsbased methods that support their positive development to find solutions and take action to strengthen their lives and improve their community. We will discuss our experiences recruiting youth who are “hard to reach”, the process of youth engagement through arts-based methods, and preliminary findings of issues youth face living in rural communities. 29 Elizabeth Cooper (University of the Fraser Valley) and Carly Hale (University of the Fraser Valley/Fraser Valley Métis Association): BuildingCommunity across the Lifespan with Métis Citizens in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia What does it mean to be Métis in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia? While Métis citizens have been present within the region for the past two-hundred years, and have played a significant role in shaping this region of the province, many are unable to answer this question. This is largely related to negative effects of colonialism. It is essential that knowledge around Métis culture and history is expanded, as this gap leads to significant mental health challenges for Métis citizens. In order to begin to address these challenges, the Fraser Valley Métis Association partnered with the University of the Fraser Valley to host a Métis specific health and wellness camp in 2018 for children age 8-13. Through this community –led project, adults (n=15) and children (n=10) were able to learn from each other and built supportive relationships within the Fraser Valley. Data collected included photographs, videos, and discussion transcripts. Within this presentation, we will explore intersecting issues highlighted by Métis children including racism, segregation, and challenges with self-esteem. We will then explore how adults worked to shift these perspectives, while creating a safe and brave space within the region for children to begin to process the effects of colonialism. Finally, we will examine ways in which we can utilize the data to inform future camps and programming, something that is usually overlooked during community planning and development. Sedina Mensah (Vancouver Island University), Mallory Lowes (Vancouver Island University), Jen Hogan (Vancouver Island University), and Alisha Feser (Vancouver Island University): Filling the Gap? Analyzing Social Need inthe Nanaimo Community Nanaimo, B.C. is a port city in proximity to Vancouver and it is home to many organizations and groups working to support those in need within the community. For example, Haven House, John Howard Society, Loaves and Fishes, and Tillicum Lelum offer services covering issues from homelessness and hunger to job skills and youth drop-in centres. Many of these organizations receive support from service clubs such as Zonta 30 Club, the Lions Club of Nanaimo, and Knights of Columbus. This research project proposes to look at the services offered in Nanaimo and compare them to the needs of the community. It is a needs-based gap analysis and we will be presenting the results. The project uses qualitative research methods, and our results will include subjective data gathered from executives, managers, and spokespeople of non-profit organizations that benefit from service clubs. These community organizations will include those involved with hunger, housing, education, women’s empowerment, and families. The presentation will focus on the social needs in the Nanaimo community, as identified through community organizations, and how they are being met. 12:15-1:30 pm: Lunch and Poster Session (The Terrace – Campus Activity Centre, 2nd Floor) *Please visit the Ormsby Review/BC Bookworld Information Table in the Terrace. Poster Session (presenters will be with their posters between 12:30 and 1:15 pm): Paula Johanson (Independent Scholar and Community Fellow in ElectronicTextual Cultures Lab, University of Victoria): Possible Spanish Idiom in a Nameat Nootka The leader of the Mowachat people was noted in journals as Maquinna or Maquilla when European explorers visited Yuquot, the harbour they called Nootka, on the Pacific northwest coast of North America. Maquinna's name is in use today among his descendants. It is interesting to study this name's origin by reading not only his descendants' autobiography and websites, but records in English and Spanish written by explorers and colonists. An Internet search for mentions of Maquinna in Spanish turns up idioms appropriate to compare with explorers’ records. Based on Spanish idiom, the origin of this name should be reconsidered. 31 Yi Yang (Thompson Rivers University): Implications of the Reggio Emilia Approach in Chinese-Canadian Children’s Language Teaching and Learning This poster will focus on the research of the practical significance of “the Reggio Emilia Approach” in the ChineseCanadian children’s language teaching and learning. I will use qualitative method to find out the factors that will impact on bilingual teaching and learning process and how they will be integrated to help the children’s language development and cognition of their cultural identities. On the poster, I will present my documentation of the class and use the method of pedagogical narration to analyze the ordinary moments in the children’s learning and how to implement the Reggio Emilia Approach in the Mandarin class. I hope the result of this analysis could be benefit for the bilingual teaching experience and could be used as reference for the teachers and parents of cross-cultural background. Maureen Atkinson (University of Northern British Columbia) and Ed Harrison (University of Northern British Columbia): Channeling Changes: TheFluid and Contrasting Perspectives of the Georgetown Sawmill (1875-1960) (North Coast) The Georgetown mill was the first of its kind on the north coast, started in 1875 by three partners, all whom married Indigenous women. The mill was sold to yet continued to be a supplier of wood products for several decades employing many Indigenous and Asian workers as well as Europeans over the years. The isolated location of the mill meant that the cultural/environmental intersections of the people would change and sometimes meld together. Using graphics, and other historical primary sources, we will investigate the new and emerging cultural understandings of time and place at the Georgetown sawmill. 32 1:30-3:00 pm: Concurrent Sessions Session 1: Urban and Rural BC: Histories of Change and Diversity(IB 1015) Chair: Jack Little (Simon Fraser University) Madison Heslop (University of Washington): Steamtown: Transpacific Steamships and the Vancouver Waterfront The end of the supposed “golden age” of shipping in the late nineteenth century arrived at precisely the time when the urban Pacific Northwest began to develop. The city of Vancouver— like Victoria, Port Townsend, Seattle, and Tacoma— consequently never developed a distinct sailortown. These portside neighborhoods of seafarers and their communities had long held close associations with ideas of race, ethnicity, foreignness, and criminality. Nevertheless, historical attitudes toward the urban waterfront—particularly in terms of racialization and criminality—survived the existence of the historical sailortown. Vancouver’s residents and observers, as those of earlier port cities had done in prior centuries, continued to perceive their dockside neighborhoods as sites that were simultaneously essential to port industries and home to problematic populations and practices. The heart of Vancouver’s dockside community was Gastown, named for a Yorkshire-born seaman and saloon-keeper, and home to one of the region’s largest seaports, the Canadian Pacific Railway’s western terminus, and the highest concentration of liquorlicensed establishments in the city. This paper will attempt to parse the relationship between Vancouver’s urban waterfront at the turn of the twentieth century and the transpacific steamship lines that fed the city’s industry in order to understand the entangled multinational, multiethnic dynamics of life in one of the most subversive spaces of early twentieth century urbanity. 33 Ben Bradley (Network in Canadian History and Environment): Afterlives ofthe Last Cariboo Stagecoaches: Frontier Nostalgia and the Popular Past before 1958 The central and northern hinterlands of British Columbia were widely regarded as some of North America’s last frontiers during the first decades of the twentieth century – at the very moment their economy and social geography were being transformed by new railways, roads, and energy grids. Those modern networks of mobility sped the decline of horse-drawn transport and inland steamboats in the region. They also generated new ways of thinking about community, progress, and the past. This paper explores how the modernization of overland mobility and commensurate rise of petroleum dependency in the BC Interior contributed to a popular nostalgia for the paths and conveyances of yesteryear: for the Cariboo stagecoaches and freight wagons that have been icons of the region’s history for a full century now. A wide range of written, material, and visual sources are drawn on to trace the halting, uneven, often quite ironic emergence of “horsepower nostalgia” and interest in old wooden vehicles in western Canada. Stagecoaches had been made famous as symbols of the frontier and generic (North) American Western-ness in the 1880s, when Buffalo Bill Cody used one as the centrepiece of his touring Wild West Show. Yet in some regions, such as the Cariboo country, the same vehicles were in active service into the 1920s. As early as the 1900s, the persistence of stagecoach travel had marked these districts as being in a different stage of development, as being backward, a kind of relic of the past. Then, as automobiles and new rail lines appeared there in the 1910s, the same old coaches and wagons started being preserved, collected, restored, and put on display. Tourism promoters saw new value in them because they were regionally distinctive yet recognizable within North America’s broader enthusiasm for ‘Wild West’ themes. For amateur historians and many ordinary residents, the same artifacts could simultaneously evoke the romance of bygone days – the (relatively recent) end of frontier conditions and of pioneering – and also illustrated the region’s material progress, as manifested in good roads, high energy use, and an active state. 34 Karen Ferguson (Simon Fraser University) and Luke Clossey (Simon FraserUniversity): A Thai Forest Buddhist Monastery in a British Columbian Forest: Religion and Diversity in the Birkenhead Valley In June 1994, the Venerable Sona (ne Tom West), a Coquitlam, BC-born-and-bred Buddhist monk from the orthodox Thai Forest Tradition of Theravada Buddhism, traveled from the Sri Lankan Buddhist temple in Surrey to a complex of rundown shacks on the road between Mount Currie and D’Arcy in the Birkenhead River valley near Pemberton, BC. There, he succeeded in establishing the first North American foothold of the Thai Forest tradition, which has spread globally to become the most successful Theravada monastic order outside Asia. In order for this strict form of Buddhist monasticism to take root a group of people with widely divergent backgrounds, religious and otherwise, had to intersect to serve the mendicant monks. Those who fed and otherwise sustained them included regular visitors from Vancouver – Thai Buddhist graduate students and domestic workers, as well as Sri Lankan and “convert” Buddhist professionals and academics – along with local people – non-Buddhist foresters, entrepreneurs, self-described hippies and dropouts, and a Baptist school secretary. These interactions didn’t happen in the cosmopolitan environs of a global city, like Vancouver, but rather in a rural and reputedly “redneck” place, where the Thai and Sri Lankan Buddhists who visited encountered an intensely foreign cultural and physical environment surrounding the familiar robes and rituals of a Buddhist monastery. By examining this understudied periphery we can challenge literatures that bind diversity to the urban and keep "convert" and "ethnic" Buddhists apart; we hope to use this case study to contribute to a conversation about religion, identity, and the intersections that have allowed Buddhism to become a potent cultural force in North America, and particularly in BC. 35 Session 2: Nature Tourism: Issues and Challenges (IB 1020) Chair: Lyn Baldwin (Thompson Rivers University) Jason Johnston (Thompson Rivers University): Incorporating Indigenous Voices:The Struggle for Increased Representation in Jasper National Park This thesis focuses on the lack of Indigenous representation in Jasper National Park (JNP) and the negative impacts it has on Indigenous communities and their relationship with JNP management. These representational issues foster the formation and dissemination of problematic Indigenous stereotypes and reinforce pan-Indigenous notions in Jasper and Canada. Relying on Indigenous Methodologies, I conducted semi-structured interviews with members of the Jasper Indigenous Forum (JIF) and JNP management which helped address a gap in knowledge as there are so few scholarly works on this issue, particularly in national parks. The findings from this research clearly indicated that while JNP management and the JIF have some overlapping priorities, they have different levels of understandings about the obstacles each group faces. Unequal power dynamics became evident in this research, which suggests a desire among JNP management to maintain the status quo. The research participants identified several areas of concern: Indigenous histories and cultures presented from non-Indigenous perspectives; a lack of cultural awareness training for JNP staff; the presence of culturally insensitive structures in JNP; inadequate time to meet on issues; and a lack of consultation. These key issues are examined in great detail in an effort to increase culturally appropriate representation in JNP and offer some viable solutions to help reconcile the past and move Indigenous concerns forward in Jasper. Chantelle Spicer (Vancouver Island University): Present but Hidden: An Alternative Tourist’s Guide to Nanaimo Parks The parks of the Nanaimo Regional District are a highly marketed aspect of tourism on Central Vancouver Island, with the area often being highlighted for its classic, West Coast natural beauty. The ideological understandings that much of Western society has of nature, such as what we see in the marketing of parks, has been heavily influenced by 18 th century Romantic poets--beautiful, but separate. Despite our reverence for natural beauty, there is also a history of 36 humanity’s misconduct towards the land, as seen in the effects of capitalism expressed through industrial agriculture and damaging resource extraction practices. These are stories that are readily available, either visible or thinly veiled, but normalized within society. In an attempt to unearth some of the stories--from those of Indigenous people to pestilence houses--this action-based research project, presented through a tourism map, is an invitation to “explore” different aspects of the landscape and society you are experiencing. Rather than objectifying landscapes as static viewpoints, this project hopes to create a living, story-laden narrative for you with the goal of encouraging a greater community discussion about landscape uses, as well as guiding conversation towards conservation and the way stories are told, or not, by the park system. It offers a general foundation to ask: “how could the stories told by parks change or enhance not only visitor experience, but also address larger political issues within the realm of reconciliation and decolonization?” These maps were placed at tourism sites and on BC ferries for public accessibility. Carmen Massey (Thompson Rivers University): Exploring Stakeholder Relationships at the Adams River Salmon Run, Squilax, BC Salmon have been returning to spawn in the waters of the Adams River in Squilax, BC for thousands of years. Recently, decreasing salmon returns, assertion of Indigenous presence in traditional territories, and a thriving tourism experience at Ts’utswecw Provincial Park have led to the emergence of a complex network of relationships at the Adams River. Research has demonstrated that relationships can have a positive effect on biodiversity conservation (Pfueller et al, 2011). McCool (2009) expresses the need to thoughtfully engineer partnerships for protected area tourism planning in an era of change and complexity. Decision-making and management in protected areas is becoming increasingly complex (McCool et al, 2013). Often bridging organizations act as mediators between people or groups that would not otherwise have been connected to achieve conservation goals (Rathwell, Peterson, 2012). The Adams River Salmon Society, host of the Salute to the Sockeye Festival at the Adams River, is such a bridging organization. Utilizing Actor Network 37 Theory (Rodger et al, 2009), this research demonstrates how a network of relationships built around a nature-based tourism event, with a strong bridging organization at the core, can address complexity and improve socio-economic and ecological sustainability in a BC provincial park. This presentation will provide a brief description of the research project being undertaken, specifically the history and context of the Adams River salmon run. The methodology and research used to examine the network of relationships will be discussed. Finally, this presentation will present emerging themes highlighting how relationships at the Adams River are affecting sustainability. Session 3: Decolonizing and Indigenizing Post-Secondary (IB 1010) Chair: Bonnie Fournier (Thompson Rivers University) Amanda Street (Nicola Valley Institute of Technology) and Connie Strayer(Nicola Valley Institute of Technology): Indigenizing Support Services for Indigenous Adult Learners in Post-Secondary: A ‘Chutes and Ladders’ Journey of Inquiry Post-secondary student support services for Indigenous adult learners in British Columbia are currently insufficient in the reconciliation of historical transgressions of Indigenous education and within the culturally appropriate developments towards Indigenization of the academy through radical institutional transformation of patriarchal and linear organizational structures. The Truth and Reconciliation (2015) calls to action address the historical assimilative actions of Canada on Indigenous peoples via the Indian residential school legacy. Education has a particular role within reconciliation for it can increase capacity building and strengthen relationships with communities. However, in order to decolonize and recognize the value of Indigenous knowledge for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous settler allies, authentic and transformative epistemological, axiological and ontological shifts to the academy are vital to the process of Indigenization. This project sought the opinions of current students and student support service workers in a British Columbia Indigenous-controlled institution to determine the current 38 knowledge base of Indigenization and who should own the responsibility of Indigenizing post-secondary student services. The findings of this study indicated that building relationships and connections is the fundamental starting point towards bridging the gap in student support services for Indigenous adult learners. Gloria Ramirez (Thompson Rivers University): Who Am I and What Is MyRole in Decolonization, Indigenization, and Reconciliation? In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) completed the five-year national inquiry into the truth of survivors, families, communities and anyone personally affected by the Indian Residential Schools (IRS). Through the voices of the survivors, the TRC report informs Canadians and the world on what really happened and the ongoing impact on Aboriginal people, hoping that this guides Canadians to reconcile through a process of mutual understanding and respect. The TRC calls for action hold every Canadian accountable. Some have ignored them, others resist them, and others are taking action. For me as an educator, teacher educator, researcher, and visitor in Secwepemcúlecw, the TRC report and its calls for action have strong resonance. The TRC report has built a momentum for change, but unless we all sincerely, humbly, and consistently engage with this, it will just remain a report that has shortly shaken Canadian society. The TRC report has shaken me and driven me to a deep exploration of my own identity and my role in the process of reconciliation. I am aware that this requires decolonizing and indigenizing myself first. This paper reports on an auto ethnographic examination of my identity, my positionality and my role in decolonizing and indigenizing the academy through my research and teaching practices. Intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1991), critical (Bhabba, 1998) and indigenous (e.g., Little Bear, 2009; Smith, 1999, 2012) theories guide this examination. Key words: auto ethnography, decolonization, indigenization, reconciliation, higher education, intersectionality, critical theory, indigenous theory 39 3:00-3:15 pm: Refreshment Break (IB Foyer)3:15-4:45 pm: Concurrent Sessions Session 1: Readings in BC Fiction and Creative Non-Fiction (IB 1010) Chair: Nicholas Bradley (University of Victoria) Karen Hofmann (Thompson Rivers University): Reading from Echolocation: Fiction from the BC Interior Kamloops author and creative writing instructor Karen Hofmann will read from her newly-released work of BC-based fiction, Echolocation. In this collection of short stories, characters struggle to connect or disconnect from entanglements and relationships. A newlywed pair of students transform into feral beasts during the hardships of a remote research expedition; backbiting faculty members strip down during a post-conference BBQ; an heretical nun explores the possibility of a new life by imaginatively excavating the fossils of BC's Burgess Shale; and an overly-ambitious bylaw officer determines to make her mark on the city's suburban streets. Lyn Baldwin (Thompson Rivers University): Mapping Moss: Crossidium seriatum On a Sunday morning in May, I’m on my hands and knees, loaded with collecting gear, searching for an endangered moss, Crossidium seriatum, that can’t be seen—or at least not with the naked eye. Instead, perched on the silt cliffs above Okanagan Lake in southern BC, I scan for tiny microsites where it might live—what biologists call its “potential habitat.” In ecology, mapping other species dates back to Alexander von Humboldt, but as the sun looms higher I worry about its implicit limitations. All plants—but especially tiny mosses and liverworts—test our imagination. What does it mean to live anchored in place by tiny threads of cellulose? What’s touch for organisms that live with no epidermis? How does time beat when you curl dormant for decades, before the gift of water plumps you awake again? By the time I’m back at my car, I understand that if describing the habitats of others is a mountain to be climbed, the real goal lies not in the summit but the maps we make enroute. For in the Anthropocene, it is 40 in the moment of uncertainty, of figuring—here, not there; on this slope, not that one—that we come to know the world, to taste its blood and silt. This creative reading will use my experience hunting for an endangered moss to argue that, today, our greatest challenge lies less in what we can measure and more in how we allow ourselves to be shaped by the morethan-human world. Susan Buis (Thompson Rivers University): A Settler Poet and Reconciliation From my retreat on Rose Hill, I write about ruins. Rose Hill is my liminal: on unceded territories, shared traditional lands of the Nlaka'pamux and Secwepemc First Nations, land straddling urban and rural, dream and waking, harsh and magical. Humans build shelters, belief systems and relationships for comfort, but structures both physical and conceptual, collapse. Inspired by contemplation of place, I cannot write honestly unless I enter into the spirit of Reconciliation, and for a settler that is uncomfortable and disorienting. Decolonizing the self requires examining the desire for land. My understanding of “property” now destabilized by acknowledgment that I am settler on territory only recently taken. I remember lines by Frederico Garcia Lorca: “… now I am no longer I / nor is my house now my house.” While this is a creative and subjective approach, the topic is informed by the thought of: Lilburn, The Larger Conversation; Donald, “Forts, Curriculum, and Indigenous Métissage: Imagining Decolonization of Aboriginal-Canadian Relations in Educational Contexts” and Cannon, “Changing the Subject in Teacher Education: Centering Indigenous, Diasporic, and Settler Colonial Relations”. 41 Session 2: Panel discussion – Building Solidarities Between (Immigrant) Settlers of Colour and the Indigenous Peoples of this Land (IB 1020) Participants: Mahtab Nazemi (Thompson Rivers University), Robline Davey (Thompson Rivers University), and Roxane Letterlough (ThompsonRivers University). The purpose of this session is to spark a much needed conversation, especially in a time of the TRC's calls to action. In general, discourse around reconciliations, in the context of BC, has operated within an indigenous-non-indigenous binary, where non-indigenous bodies are presumed to be white. Beyond this binary, there are people of colour who occupy a different space. On the one hand, many people of colour have some understandings around experiences of racism and perhaps even white settler colonialism or imperialism (depending largely on the situations and places they left or fled from to be in Canada), which presents powerful opportunities of solidarity with the Indigenous peoples of this land. Yet, on the other hand, people of colour are also settlers - "tolerated" and "allowed" by white settlers - whose decision it should have never been - to be on this land and in this place. As settlers, people of colour benefit from colonialism, a difference that is important to situate and deconstruct so as to be better allies with Indigenous peoples of this land and their ongoing experiences of settler colonialism. This is where this conversation begins. We invite immigrant settlers of colour and indigenous peoples of this land to enter into conversation with one another with the purpose of finding commonalities in how we've been othered, and more importantly build new solidarities especially so that non-indigenous racialized peoples can better learn to develop and maintain their relationships with the indigenous peoples of this land and with this land that they settled upon. 42 Session 3: Law and Politics (IB 1015) Chair: Jonathan Swainger (University of Northern British Columbia) Louis Knafla (University of Calgary): The Legal Culture of the Kootenays/Columbia, 1860s-1914 The “First Formative Period” in the history of the law in British Columbia was a Victorian era that stretched from the creation of the crown colony in 1866 to the outbreak of World War One in 1914. While the legal contours of the first formative period have been sketched, there is still much to be done not only with its rich legal archival holdings, but also with the anthropological and sociological perspectives, the social, economic, and commercial dynamics, and the Canadian, American, and Imperial contexts. The purpose of this paper is to utilize the methodology of the new cultural history to explore the legal culture of in its first formative period with regard to one of its several geographical “islands,” the Kootenays/Columbia. The sources for the history of legal culture in British Columbia are among the richest for any region of Western Canada. The extant written record includes both the personal papers and bench books of some of the major judges of the period, and extensive court records for all jurisdictions from the Supreme Court to the Gold Commissioners. There are also large collections of documents in the files of the legal departments. The physical remains are also abundant, with many surviving courthouses and industrial sites. But how the law was perceived in the communities is an integral part of legal culture. This makes the printed press and other literary sources at least equal in importance to the legal record. One of the treasures of British Columbia's historical remains is the survival of 394 newspapers representing its and their hinterland in the era. These will be utilized with court records, correspondence and events to explore the reality of the region's legal culture. Looking at demographics, the southeast section of what became British Columbia comprised an area that can described as the three districts of the Kootenays bordered by the Columbia River communities. The problems of the law, and its image, in this remote area of the Canadian west were several. First, the Hudson's Bay Company lacked jurisdiction over the indigenous peoples they encountered. Many of the company's traders were husbands of 43 mixed marriages whose status may or may not have been recognized in anglophone society. Second, the interface and possible conflict of First Nations, United States, and Russian interests made structures of authority ambiguous. Third, the discovery of rich mineral resources led to a mining boom with an influx of European immigrants. Mixed with fishing and forestry, the socio-economic factors were incredibly diverse. The violence between conflicting socio-economic interests, immigrant settlers, and First Nations would expand to other ethnic groups and employer-employee relations in the decades following the 1860s. And much of that would be adjudicated in an English common law regime. The political-judicial conflicts of the following years, concluding with the County and Assize Court Acts of 1883 and 1885, would result in an equally 'mixed Canadian' structure of local and central courts that would provide the touchstone for the foundation of legal culture in the region. The astronomical rate of prosecutions for this region in contrast to the province, or the rest of Canada, requires not only explanation, but also a discussion of its impact among the mixed peoples who inhabited the region. This paper will explore those subjects, and invite discussion and interaction as to the meaning of the evidence for the several fields of cultural, social, economic, historical and legal inquiry. Devin Eeg (University of British Columbia): Where Is the Internet? Judicial Responses in British Columbia The onset of the internet age spurred debate among legal scholars over how territorial principles might apply (if at all) to cyberspace. Could a Canadian be prosecuted in Germany for posting hate speech? What if a Canadian’s private information is stolen by a hacker in Japan? With little in the way of international internet governance agreements, courts have been left to wrestle with this problem on their own. My presentation uses defamation law to examine judicial responses in British Columbia. I argue that BC courts have treated the internet as a place with a dual geography: one overlapping with the geography of the real world, and one unique to cyberspace. This approach offers one model for thinking about how the internet works, and how its law might be reformed. 44 Stuart Parker (Simon Fraser University): Saboteurs, Looters and Witless Dupes:The Rise and Fall of the Coalition for Proportional Representation in BC At the end of November, the NDP government will count the results of a postal vote that will deliver proportional representation its worst defeat yet. BC voters are set to repudiate electoral reform on an unprecedented scale. How is it that proportional representation could fall from 58% support in the 2005 referendum to 39% in 2009 to the low 30s in 2018? The answer to this question is to be found at the social movement level. Declining support for PR has closely followed the ideological narrowing of fair voting movements throughout Canada. As with my previous papers at BC Studies, I will be offering a participant-observer perspective as both social scientist and movement activist. The proposed paper will seek to understand the reasons the BC electoral reform movement chose to ideologically narrow its base of support despite serious consequences at the polls and will, through this example, seek to adumbrate key trends in BC social movement politics in the twenty-first century. As a member of the boards of the formal Yes committees in 2005 and 2009 and a former director of Fair Voting BC, Fair Vote Canada and the BC Electoral Change Coalition, I am privy to a large array of uncurated primary sources pertinent to this shift and will bring them to bear in this analysis. 45 5:00-6:00 pm: Book Launch (House of Learning – Third Floor) J.I. Little, At the Wilderness Edge: The Rise of the Antidevelopment Movement on Canada’s West Coast, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2019. Cash bar. Appetizers provided courtesy of the Simon Fraser History Department. 46 SATURDAY MAY 4: Registration: 8:00 am-5:30 pm (IB Foyer)8:30-9:00 am: Refreshments (IB Foyer) 9:00-10:30 am: Concurrent Sessions Session 1: Indigenous Peoples and the State (IB 1015) Chair: Frank Leonard (University of Victoria) Ted Binnema (University of Northern British Columbia): A Fresh Look atthe History of the Vancouver Island Treaties The scholarship on the history of the Vancouver Island Treaties is fundamentally flawed. Based on substantial original research, I will present a history very different from that literature. I will argue that the Vancouver Island Treaties are very important because they illustrate the British approach to indigenous land rights from the 1620s to the early 20th century, throughout the Empire. My paper will argue that a careful examination of the evidence will show that the idea to negotiate agreements with Indigenous people on Vancouver Island originated with the top governors of the HBC (not with the British Colonial Office, and not with James Douglas), despite the fact that the HBC normally did not conclude treaties with Indigenous people. The HBC sought those treaties for several expedient reasons, not because they (or personnel in the Colonial Office) believed the indigenous people of Vancouver Island had enforceable land rights. While I will agree that the Vancouver Island Treaties were, first and foremost oral agreements, I will also argue that it was to be expected that the HBC would look to New Zealand when it sought to render the agreements in writing. Session 2: Panel discussion - The BC History Textbook Sprint (IB1020) Participants: John Belshaw (Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning),Eryk Martin (Kwantlen Polytechnic University), Laura Ishiguro (Universityof British Columbia), Tina Block (Thompson Rivers University), and Brenda Smith (Thompson Rivers University). It has been nearly thirty years since an entirely new scholarly history of British Columbia appeared. It seems timely to undertake a new survey textbook project, one that is built on collaboration, the assembly of diverse voices, and the exploitation of open textbook (OER) opportunities. In the same week that BC Studies convenes at TRU, a dozen BC historians drawn from institutions across the province and beyond will undertake a ‘textbook sprint’ 47 – a combination of debate, dialogue, and woodshedding. The proposed panel will include sprint participants. They will describe the project and give attendees an opportunity to articulate what they would want to see in a postmillennial history of the region. Panel members have yet to be determined but will likely include John Belshaw (TRU), Norm Fennema (TRU), Sarah Nickel (Saskatchewan), and Eryk Martin (Kwantlen). Other participants are TBD. 10:30-10:45 am: Refreshment Break (IB Foyer)10:45 am -12:15 pm: Concurrent Sessions Session 1: Gender and Class in BC History (IB 1015) Chair: John Belshaw (Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning) Jack Little (Simon Fraser University): Roughing it on Colonial Vancouver Island:The Misadventures of Henry Trent and Friends, 1862-63 Despite the growing scholarship on the history of childhood and youth, the latter term remains somewhat nebulous as far as age-range is concerned. Thus, historians of nineteenth-century manhood have applied the term “youth” to describe the transitional period between middle-class boyhood and manhood, the life-stage they associate primarily with marriage. Yet the average North American male did not marry until his mid-twenties when he was well past the dependent stage generally associated with youth. In fact, the central subject of my study, Henry Trent, did not marry until the age of thirty-eight in 1864 when his wandering days in search of a middle-class livelihood finally ended. Borrowing from the “emerging adulthood” concept of psychologist Jeffrey Arnett, I refer to Trent’s transitional years during his twenties and thirties as his period of emerging manhood. As Arnett states, this term is more fitting than “young manhood” which implies that full manhood has already been reached. My paper relies largely upon the diary Trent kept during his long and arduous expedition from London, England to Victoria during the Cariboo gold rush in 1862, as well as during the ensuing two years when he and his young middle-class associates worked at various low-paid jobs on Vancouver Island. The diary makes it clear that they were less motivated by gold fever than by the desire to experience an adventure that would test their independent manhood. And they were not alone in that respect, for much the same can be said for the surprising number of young Englishmen who produced memoirs of their harrowing experiences travelling to and from the Cariboo during the gold rush. 48 Maurice Guibord (Société historique francophone de la Colombie- Britannique): Emma Lamontagne-Vachon, Prolific Letter Writer and Chronicler,Vancouver 1886 Emma Lamontagne left her native Gaspé in 1886 to join her husband Édouard Vachon in Vancouver. This was the first step in a difficult life that saw her separated from her family, then abandoned with her children by her Klondike-bound husband and living in quasi-mendicancy in B.C. and California. The corpus of her correspondence to her family provides a chronicle of life within the Francophone community in early Vancouver, where French, French-Canadians, Franco-Americans and Métis interacted closely in the new city in their efforts against cultural and linguistic assimilation. The traces of this community remain in the city’s older sectors, as tangible witnesses to Emma’s passage, in both happy and difficult times. Duff Sutherland (Selkirk College): “Sentiment for IWW is good”: Forest Capital, Loggers, and the Strikes of 1923 and 1924 in the East Kootenays “‘Sentiment for IWW is good’: forest capital, loggers, and the strikes of 1923 and 1924 in the East Kootenays” Set within the context of an industry on the verge of collapse due to overexpansion and unsustainable cut rates, this paper examines the experience of loggers and forest communities during the 1920s and 1930s in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia. The paper shows that forest capital’s commitment to modern, high-speed sawmill operations contributed to the rapid exhaustion of the region’s resource and an ongoing, downward pressure on wages and conditions in labour-intensive woods operations. By the early 1920s, the shared experience of poor conditions and low wages prepared loggers, many seasonal workers from prairie farms, for the effective organizing drive of the Industrial Workers of the World. The Kootenay strikes of 1923 and 1924 were part of the IWW’s final major organizing drives that focussed on loggers, sawmill workers and farm workers across the west. The paper examines the sources of solidarity among impoverished rural workers who took enormous risks in participating in two major strikes. It also explores the power of capital, including the Canadian Pacific Railway, to defeat workers and their radical, industrial union in a remote region of the province. In the early 1920s, the IWW did not appear to be in a state of “disorder and decline” to the workers and companies of the region. Finally, the paper considers these understudied, practically unknown, strikes within a history of rural underdevelopment and poverty in the region and the province. As part of this, it argues that they deserve a more prominent place in the province’s labour history. 49 Session 2: Land and Landfills in BC (IB 1010) Chair: Mónica J. Sánchez-Flores (Thompson Rivers University) Hailey Venn (Simon Fraser University): A Landfill of “Mutual Benefit”: Solid Waste Management within Delta and Vancouver, 1958-1966 Historical studies of individual landfills remains a critical lacuna, even within the subfields of discard studies, environmental history, and urban history. In response, the author's thesis examines the history of Vancouver's landfill, situated in Delta since 1966. This presentation, centred upon the first chapter, traces how and why the Delta landfill came to be. The timeline will thus address Vancouver's and Delta's waste disposal practices from 1958 to 1966, the conception of the Delta landfill in 1960, the negotiations leading to the 1962 bylaw agreement between Delta and Vancouver, and Vancouver's immediate, and unsurprising, mismanagement of the site from its opening in 1966. The 1962 bylaw agreement between the municipalities was grounded in one key concept, "mutual benefit." As much as scholars and laypersons alike tend to characterize landfills as toxic products of consumerism, Delta's residents had a myriad of reasons - economic, political, and technical - for not just consenting to the landfill, but desiring it. By focusing on practices in relation to promises, it is clear that the situation cannot be summarized as the residents of Delta were ignorant and the City of Vancouver's landfill was an exploitative, high modernist solution to Vancouver's own garbage problem. It is hoped that such a study will contribute to scholarly understandings of high modernism. Damian Halvorsen (Thompson Rivers University), Oamar Kanji (Thompson Rivers University), Yana Nec (Thompson Rivers University),and Greg Huculak (GNH Consulting): New Trends in Landfill Gas CollectionPractices Landfills form a significant link in waste management throughout British Columbia and accommodate the disposal of municipal, organic, demolition, construction and land clearing refuse. In the past five years we have partnered with GNH Consulting Ltd., a landfill design and operation company in Delta, BC, in order to further the understanding of landfill gas flow regimes and improve engineering practices in landfill operation. This talk will share our work along two directions: horizontal wells and network collection. Horizontal wells are a gas collection mechanism consisting of perforated pipes placed within the waste layer and connected to a suction system. From an engineering point of view they had been expected to function more 50 efficiently than the traditionally designed vertical wells due to collection along the entire length of the pipe, however were found to exhibit baffling behaviour and their popularity was on the wane. They have recently come back into use, although the flow field around them and adequate flow control strategies are still poorly understood. We study the physics of gas flow in these wells with a focus on relations between direct waste properties such as fragment size, packing density and gas generation rate, and geotechnical characteristics of the surrounding soils. This allows us to understand how the collection can be made efficient in different circumstances. We use mathematics and computational fluid dynamics to suggest design and operation strategies: optimise perforation density; minimise suction strength; ascertain gas does not accummulate within the landfill or escape the site; optimise placement of adjacent or stacked wells. Wells of different types form a collection network. We will discuss the reasons why no commercial software solving network flow is suitable for a landfill and present our custom software, including a graphical user interface, that allows to run a simulation of the system for numerous parameter values, test sensitivity, capacity and expected production, optimise configurations and predict bottlenecks. Tom Waldichuk (Thompson Rivers University): Agricultural Diversity in BC’s Thompson and Cariboo Regions Agriculture in the southern interior of BC has always involved some diversity in terms of the variety of crops grown, the combination of livestock raised, agri-tourism activities, and non-farm employment. However, the impact of the Mad Cow disease crisis of 2003 and climate change has reaffirmed the importance of agricultural diversity. The purpose of this presentation is to give an overview of agriculture in the Thompson and Cariboo regions and highlight some of the diversified farm operations and future trends. The Thompson region is general warmer and drier than the Cariboo and has a larger urban centre – Kamloops. We compare the two regions based on exploratory interviews with farm and ranch operators, regional planners, and an agrologist. Our preliminary results are that farmers are open to experimenting with new crops or activities. Second, agri-tourism is growing, particularly in the Kamloops area where four wineries exist. Third, most producers depend on farmers’ markets or direct marketing, even in the Lower Mainland. Meanwhile, some family farms are being corporatized and consolidated, which can help a farm, for example, to become certified organic. The principal conclusion is that while diversification – particularly, 51 agri-tourism -- is one way that operations are surviving or prospering, other farms are being bought up and consolidated. Session 3: Panel discussion – Rural Tourism Development across BC: Challenges and Opportunities in a Growing Sector (IB 1020) Chair: Patrick Brouder (Vancouver Island University) Participants: Jason Johnston (Thompson Rivers University), Courtney Mason (Thompson Rivers University), Danielle Robinson (University ofGuelph/Okanagan College), and Donna Senese (University of British Columbia, Okanagan). This panel brings together a diverse group of experts on tourism development with unique perspectives on Indigenous tourism, rural tourism entrepreneurship, tourism planning, and provincial tourism policy. The discussion is aimed at identifying the most important opportunities, as well as the key challenges, for a sustainable development of rural tourism in BC in the years ahead. 12:15-2:00 pm: Lunch and Secwépemc Storytelling with KenthenThomas (The Terrace – Campus Activity Centre, 2nd Floor) 2:15-3:45 pm: Concurrent Sessions Session 1: Religion and Irreligion in Cascadia: Historical andContemporary Perspectives (IB 1015) Chair: Laura Ishiguro (University of British Columbia) Chelsea Horton (University of Victoria): Frontier Redux: On Religion, Irreligion,and Settler Colonial Place-Making in the Pacific Northwest Spurred by a striking discourse of the frontier that is woven throughout interviews conducted for the “Religion, Spirituality, and Secularity in the Pacific Northwest” project, this paper takes an episodic approach to explore how religion and irreligion have and continue to inform processes of settler colonial place-making in the region 52 Rachel Brown (University of Victoria): "To be or not to be" Religious: MinorityReligions in a Region of “Nones" What is it like to hold a minority religious identity in a region of “nones”? Does it change how one imagines oneself as “religious”? Drawing on qualitative data, this paper explores how the distinctive approach to religion, to secularism, that exists in Cascadia impacts the lives of our “non-Christian” participants. Lynne Marks (University of Victoria) and Tina Block (Thompson RiversUniversity): Class, Gender, Family, and Irreligion in the Pacific Northwest This paper explores how, why, and to what extent irreligion was passed on within Pacific Northwest families from the early 20thcentury to the present. Drawing on in-depth oral interviews and statistical sources, it gives particular attention to the ways in which class and gender shaped the intergenerational transmission of irreligion in the region. Session 2: Colonial Narratives and Counter Narratives (IB 1010) Chair: Phoebe Murphy (Archaeology Society of British Columbia) Chantelle Spicer (Vancouver Island University): A Storied Landscape:Deconstructing Colonial Narratives at Milner Gardens This place-based research has been part of a 2.5 year project at Milner Gardens in Qualicum Beach, BC that has included an archaeological inventory, literature analysis, interviews, and an interactive, digital mapping project. Sources used within this research include personal interviews, online surveys, archival research, and government-held archaeological reports in the hopes of providing a comprehensive of the stories and information held in and about the landscape. The purpose of this project has been threefold: to explore the role of counter-narratives in reconciliation; the ideas of "nature" or "wilderness" in the Western understanding of landscapes; and the role of archaeology in progressing or holding back knowledge transfers related to place and relationships. By examining these ideas, one can examine the impacts of colonial ideas of landscape and how and why certain stories are marginalized. This is important to identify if we are to be able to move forward in conscientious ways towards reconciliation 53 Gretchen Fox (Fox Cultural Research): Mapping and Managing Cultural Landscapes in Secwepemcúl’ecw The mountains, grasslands and waterways of Secwepemcúl’ecw are landscapes of intersection, connecting people, resources and ideas for millennia. Today, these landscapes remain vital to Secwépemc cultural, political and economic life. Like other landscapes across British Columba, this area also exists at the intersections of multiple resource extraction projects, which have impacted indigenous peoples’ abilities to access, protect and make decisions on their lands. This paper discusses recent research by Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc (TteS), in Kamloops, BC, to document cultural heritage values and assess impacts in relation to an impending resource extraction project. Rather than a taking conventional, site-specific approach to impact assessment, the TteS research team developed an innovative landscape-level approach to recording cultural values across the territory. Grounded in local protocols and community verification, this methodology brought together Secwépemc oral histories, digital maps of contemporary land use, and historical, archaeological and environmental data to produce a rich understanding of the spatial and temporal relationships between cultural values, practices and places. Data analysis revealed seasonal use patterns across 10 geographically distinct – but connected – areas, which the research team called Secwépemc cultural landscapes. Each cultural landscape was associated with a discrete set of cultural values, practices and resources critical to maintaining the integrity of that area. The concept of interconnected Secwépemc cultural landscapes helped the research team reframe impact assessment to highlight how impacts to one landscape element could have a ripple effect throughout Secwepemcúl’ecw. This study also has broader implications for TteS approaches to resource management, community planning and governance. 54 Session 3: Approaches to Teaching and Learning (IB 1020) Chair: Gloria Ramirez (Thompson Rivers University) Mónica J. Sánchez-Flores (Thompson Rivers University): An Examination ofService Learning, Trades and Tech Practicum for BC Students: Installation of Solar Panels in Low-Income Homes in Oaxaca, Mexico A British Columbia School of Trades and Technology has organized yearly International Practicums for their Electrical Foundation students in Oaxaca, Mexico, since 2012. Students and instructors have traveled each time from BC to a small rural village that lies outside the electricity grid in Oaxaca, in order to install solar panels each trip in 8 to 10 low-income homes. Each home has received a charge controller, a storage battery and a few lights. This paper will explore the impact of this experiential learning on students from BC, who participated in these practicums as well as on the people that benefited from the solar panel installations in the Oaxacan small villages. I use a qualitative exploratory approach. Data has been collected through interviews with instructors, BC students, and community members in Mexico. Data has also been collected from reflective essays by the students. There have been some anecdotal reports from students whose experience in these practicum trips has transformed the way they perceive themselves, the world, and the importance of their own work in these modest homes. This paper will explore the intersections of experience, culture, and place in students from BC, involved in this transformative experiential service learning who travel to Oaxaca. It also will examine the impact these practicum trips have had for the people benefited by these installations in their modest homes in Oaxaca. Md M. Rahman (Thompson Rivers University): English Language Challengesfor Asian International Students Attending Universities in British Columbia In this presentation, I explore the pedagogical framework that informed my approach to co-teaching a combined Introduction to Sociology and Introduction to English class with Dr. Fred Ribkoff entitled, Education as a Means of Witnessing the Voices of the Oppressed and Oppressors, at Kwantlen Polytechnic University. I narrate our journey of educating by means of witnessing as a discourse of fostering the difficult conversation of how to establish global and local epistemological spaces through which ethnically, religiously, nationally, sexually, and racially diverse students in British Columbia can collectively engage in formulating de-colonizing and 55 anti-oppressive knowledge that stems from and is inclusive of various forms of human suffering, inequality, and resilience. In organizing this course, we drew upon a socio-empathic imaginative approach, which requires students to historicize their lives and the lives of others by viewing them in the context of structural relations and power struggles. We conceptualized the course as a journey through which students become witnesses by proxy in order to develop praxis orientated theories of social justice with the overall objective of becoming survivors by proxy. To achieve this goal, we reversed the conventional manner of structuring a university course in the Social Sciences and Humanities. Rather than focusing on theory first, or simultaneous with the voices of the oppressed as secondary or framed by theory and experts' knowledge, the victims of oppression and their oppressors spoke directly to students, uninterrupted and without the interjection of theorists or “experts”, whose analyses we only introduced during the second half of the course. By turning the conventional pedagogical model on its head and giving primacy to the voices of everyday persons--survivors of, for example, systemic racism and sexism--as sources of knowledge, students were able to formulate their own anti-oppressive standpoints as both witnesses and survivors by proxy. Amir Mirfakhraie (Kwantlen Polytechnic University): Education as a Means ofWitnessing the Voices of the Oppressed and Oppressors: Becoming Survivors by Proxy 4:00-4:30 pm: Closing (IB 1015) Closing Remarks and Expressions of Gratitude: Conference Organizing CommitteeElder Mike Arnouse THANK YOU ALL FOR PARTICIPATING IN BC STUDIES 2019! 56 ON-CAMPUS FOOD AND DRINK (not available on weekends): Common Grounds Coffee Shop: Campus Activity Centre Starbucks: Old Main Building Tim Horton’s: House of Learning **There is a water refilling station located in the International Building. THINGS TO DO IN KAMLOOPS: Food and Beverage: Near the university: Sushi Mura: 1021 McGill Rd. Lucky’s: 101-795 McGill Rd. Iron Road Brewing: 980 Camosun Cr. Lemongrass Vietnamese Restaurant: 1211 Summit Dr. Downtown: Brownstone Restaurant: 118 Victoria St. The Noble Pig: 650 Victoria St. Red Collar Brewing Co: 355 Lansdowne St. Mittz Kitchen: 227 Victoria St. Alchemy Brewing Co.: 650 Victoria St. Terra Restaurant: 326 Victoria St. Near the Best Western: Nandi’s Flavours of India: 610 Columbia St. Kohinoor Indian Restaurant: 550 Columbia St. Attractions: Secwépemc Museum & Heritage Park: 200-330 Chief Alex Thomas Way Kamloops Museum and Archives: 207 Seymour St. Kamloops Art Gallery: 101-465 Victoria St. Western Canada Theatre: https://www.wctlive.ca/ Transportation: Kami Cabs Ltd: 250-374-9999 Yellow Cabs: 250-457-9191 Airport Shuttle: 250-314-4803 Bus schedules: https://www.bctransit.com/kamloops 57 For further information, please visit the conference website at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/bcstudies/ For a full campus map, please visit: https://www.tru.ca/map.html 58 Cover photo credit: James Crookall (Photographer). City of Vancouver Archives (Public Domain). https://searcharchives.vancouver.ca/children-at-play-2 59