Student	
  Sustainability	
  Award	
  Application	
   	
  

Kile	
  McKenna	
  

Evaluation	
  of	
  the	
  Sustainability	
  of	
  
Undergraduate	
  Chemistry	
  Labs	
  at	
  
Thompson	
  Rivers	
  University	
  
A	
  proposal	
  for	
  the	
  review	
  of	
  laboratory	
  procedures	
  as	
  applied	
  in	
  the	
  
instruction	
  of	
  undergraduate	
  chemistry	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
Proposal	
  submitted	
  in	
  partial	
  fulfillment	
  of	
  the	
  $5000	
  Student	
  Sustainability	
  Award	
  
application	
  guidelines	
  
	
  
February	
  28,	
  2015	
  
	
  
Kile	
  McKenna	
  –	
  Bachelor	
  of	
  Science	
  Candidate	
  
	
  
Faculty	
  Supervisor	
  –	
  Dr.	
  Sharon	
  Brewer	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  

Student	
  Sustainability	
  Award	
  Application	
   	
  

Kile	
  McKenna	
  

Abstract	
  
	
  
	
  

This	
  project	
  proposes	
  to	
  develop	
  a	
  specific	
  set	
  of	
  criteria	
  based	
  on	
  the	
  

principles	
  of	
  green	
  chemistry	
  that	
  will	
  be	
  used	
  in	
  the	
  evaluation	
  of	
  all	
  
undergraduate	
  chemistry	
  labs	
  at	
  Thompson	
  Rivers	
  University.	
  	
  Providing	
  metrics	
  of	
  
this	
  type	
  will	
  serve	
  as	
  a	
  management	
  tool	
  for	
  faculty	
  to	
  enable	
  the	
  enhancement	
  of	
  
sustainable	
  practices	
  in	
  the	
  laboratory.	
  	
  By	
  making	
  the	
  ratings	
  available	
  to	
  students	
  
with	
  their	
  laboratory	
  procedures,	
  concepts	
  of	
  sustainability	
  will	
  be	
  integrated	
  with	
  
existing	
  curricula.	
  
	
  
	
  

	
  

Student	
  Sustainability	
  Award	
  Application	
   	
  

Kile	
  McKenna	
  

Project	
  Description	
  
Introduction	
  
	
  
Chemistry	
  is	
  a	
  fundamental	
  branch	
  of	
  science	
  that	
  all	
  students	
  in	
  the	
  Faculty	
  
of	
  Science	
  at	
  Thompson	
  Rivers	
  University	
  must	
  study	
  to	
  some	
  degree.	
  	
  In	
  addition	
  to	
  
the	
  theoretical	
  component	
  to	
  this	
  education,	
  an	
  applied	
  component	
  is	
  taught	
  in	
  the	
  
form	
  of	
  compulsory	
  laboratory	
  instruction	
  periods.	
  	
  The	
  importance	
  of	
  sustainable	
  
practices	
  has	
  been	
  acknowledged	
  by	
  the	
  chemistry	
  faculty	
  at	
  TRU,	
  who	
  have	
  made	
  it	
  
a	
  goal	
  to	
  integrate	
  the	
  principles	
  of	
  green	
  chemistry	
  across	
  the	
  curriculum.	
  
Paul	
  Anastas,	
  a	
  pioneer	
  in	
  the	
  field	
  of	
  green	
  chemistry,	
  has	
  defined	
  the	
  
concept	
  as:	
  “the	
  utilization	
  of	
  a	
  set	
  of	
  principles	
  that	
  reduces	
  or	
  eliminates	
  the	
  use	
  or	
  
generation	
  of	
  hazardous	
  substances	
  in	
  the	
  design,	
  manufacture,	
  and	
  application	
  of	
  
chemical	
  products”.	
  (Anastas,	
  Green	
  Chemistry:	
  Theory	
  and	
  Practice	
  1998)	
  	
  
In	
  the	
  past	
  decade	
  there	
  have	
  been	
  significant	
  advances	
  in	
  the	
  thinking	
  
surrounding	
  chemistry	
  through	
  the	
  development	
  of	
  the	
  related	
  fields	
  of	
  green	
  
synthetic	
  chemistry	
  and	
  green	
  analytical	
  chemistry.	
  (Anastas	
  and	
  Kirchhoff	
  2002)	
  
(Galuszka,	
  Migaszewski	
  and	
  Namisnik	
  2013)	
  	
  The	
  significance	
  of	
  these	
  fields	
  is	
  that	
  
they	
  are	
  not	
  distinct	
  sub-­‐disciplines	
  of	
  chemistry,	
  but	
  rather	
  comprehensive	
  
philosophies	
  which	
  seek	
  to	
  inform	
  the	
  chemist	
  in	
  completing	
  what	
  has	
  traditionally	
  
been	
  required	
  of	
  her,	
  while	
  eliminating	
  unnecessary	
  harm	
  that	
  may	
  come	
  about	
  in	
  
achieving	
  the	
  desired	
  results.	
  	
  A	
  number	
  of	
  objective	
  rating	
  systems	
  have	
  been	
  put	
  
forth	
  in	
  academic	
  literature	
  to	
  aid	
  in	
  the	
  assessment	
  of	
  the	
  overall	
  sustainability	
  of	
  
an	
  experimental	
  procedure.	
  (Galuszka,	
  et	
  al.	
  2012)	
  (Raynie	
  and	
  Driver	
  2009)	
  
To	
  date	
  there	
  has	
  never	
  been	
  an	
  evaluation	
  of	
  undergraduate	
  chemistry	
  labs	
  
at	
  TRU	
  with	
  an	
  eye	
  towards	
  sustainability.	
  	
  Given	
  the	
  discussion	
  in	
  recent	
  literature	
  
it	
  seems	
  appropriate	
  to	
  perform	
  an	
  assessment	
  of	
  the	
  entire	
  experimental	
  curricula	
  
than	
  to	
  modify	
  a	
  single	
  experiment.	
  	
  By	
  reviewing	
  all	
  labs	
  there	
  are	
  significant	
  
potential	
  gains,	
  and	
  TRU	
  may	
  emerge	
  as	
  a	
  leader	
  in	
  the	
  instruction	
  of	
  green	
  
chemistry.	
  
	
  
	
  

Goals	
  and	
  Objectives	
  
	
  
	
  
There	
  are	
  two	
  related	
  goals	
  that	
  must	
  be	
  achieved	
  for	
  the	
  successful	
  
completion	
  of	
  this	
  project.	
  	
  Firstly,	
  standardized	
  criteria	
  to	
  evaluate	
  the	
  
sustainability	
  of	
  a	
  chemical	
  method	
  within	
  the	
  university	
  context	
  must	
  be	
  created.	
  	
  
The	
  criteria	
  would	
  include	
  a	
  rating	
  system	
  or	
  systems	
  published	
  in	
  the	
  scientific	
  
literature,	
  factors	
  specific	
  to	
  the	
  institution	
  such	
  as	
  the	
  number	
  of	
  students	
  
completing	
  a	
  given	
  experiment	
  (which	
  varies	
  greatly	
  by	
  the	
  year	
  of	
  study),	
  and	
  
other	
  considerations	
  relating	
  to	
  green	
  chemistry	
  that	
  may	
  fall	
  outside	
  of	
  the	
  
literature	
  method	
  or	
  methods	
  selected.	
  	
  The	
  second	
  and	
  ultimate	
  goal	
  of	
  the	
  project	
  
would	
  be	
  the	
  application	
  of	
  the	
  standardized	
  criteria	
  to	
  all	
  undergraduate	
  chemistry	
  
experiments	
  at	
  Thompson	
  Rivers	
  University	
  that	
  are	
  completed	
  on	
  an	
  ongoing	
  basis.	
  
	
  

Student	
  Sustainability	
  Award	
  Application	
   	
  

Kile	
  McKenna	
  

Significance	
  
	
  
	
  
This	
  project	
  will	
  have	
  real	
  and	
  immediate	
  benefits	
  in	
  each	
  of	
  the	
  “four	
  pillars	
  
of	
  sustainability”	
  as	
  defined	
  by	
  TRU’s	
  Office	
  of	
  Sustainability.	
  Providing	
  a	
  
measurement	
  of	
  sustainability	
  that	
  is	
  consistent	
  for	
  each	
  experiment	
  will	
  create	
  a	
  
management	
  tool	
  that	
  will	
  easily	
  facilitate	
  decision-­‐making	
  regarding	
  sustainability	
  
at	
  the	
  department	
  level.	
  	
  Through	
  the	
  evaluation	
  process	
  the	
  least	
  sustainable	
  
experiments	
  will	
  become	
  apparent	
  and	
  potential	
  alternatives	
  to	
  enhance	
  the	
  
sustainability	
  of	
  these	
  experiments	
  will	
  be	
  provided.	
  	
  If	
  even	
  one	
  experiment	
  were	
  
changed	
  based	
  on	
  these	
  recommendations	
  there	
  would	
  be	
  real	
  benefits	
  for	
  the	
  
environment.	
  	
  
	
  
Perhaps	
  the	
  greatest	
  benefits	
  would	
  come	
  in	
  the	
  social	
  and	
  cultural	
  areas	
  of	
  
sustainability.	
  	
  If	
  the	
  determined	
  ratings	
  were	
  made	
  available	
  to	
  students	
  with	
  the	
  
laboratory	
  procedures	
  it	
  would	
  provide	
  an	
  excellent	
  introduction	
  to	
  principles	
  of	
  
green	
  chemistry	
  from	
  the	
  first	
  time	
  a	
  student	
  enters	
  the	
  lab.	
  	
  Presenting	
  the	
  ratings	
  
and	
  explaining	
  their	
  significance,	
  would	
  introduce	
  concepts	
  of	
  sustainability,	
  even	
  if	
  
no	
  changes	
  were	
  made	
  to	
  the	
  actual	
  procedures.	
  	
  By	
  introducing	
  these	
  concepts	
  
early	
  and	
  bringing	
  them	
  into	
  consideration	
  any	
  time	
  a	
  student	
  steps	
  into	
  the	
  lab	
  it	
  is	
  
possible	
  that	
  students	
  will	
  be	
  empowered	
  to	
  make	
  better	
  choices	
  towards	
  
sustainability	
  of	
  their	
  chemistry	
  practice	
  at	
  TRU	
  as	
  well	
  as	
  in	
  their	
  future	
  
endeavours.	
  	
  As	
  such,	
  the	
  dissemination	
  of	
  the	
  evaluations	
  that	
  will	
  result	
  from	
  this	
  
project	
  represent	
  an	
  excellent	
  tool	
  to	
  advance	
  the	
  education	
  of	
  sustainable	
  
principles	
  at	
  TRU	
  in	
  an	
  approach	
  that	
  is	
  fully	
  integrated	
  into	
  the	
  normal	
  pedagogical	
  
process	
  pertaining	
  to	
  chemistry.	
  	
  This	
  is	
  fully	
  congruent	
  with	
  the	
  idea	
  that	
  green	
  
chemistry	
  is	
  not,	
  and	
  must	
  not	
  be	
  regarded	
  as,	
  an	
  independent	
  sub-­‐discipline	
  of	
  
chemistry	
  but	
  rather	
  as	
  an	
  integrated	
  approach.	
  
	
  
Economic	
  sustainability	
  benefits	
  may	
  also	
  arise	
  as	
  a	
  result	
  of	
  this	
  work.	
  	
  In	
  
the	
  process	
  of	
  reviewing	
  procedures	
  and	
  recommending	
  changes,	
  costs	
  of	
  chemical	
  
reagents	
  may	
  be	
  used	
  as	
  a	
  factor	
  for	
  consideration.	
  	
  Areas	
  of	
  wastefulness	
  will	
  be	
  
identified	
  and	
  the	
  improvement	
  of	
  those	
  areas	
  will	
  have	
  a	
  positive	
  impact	
  on	
  cost	
  
through	
  the	
  reduction	
  of	
  chemical	
  materials	
  used.	
  

Theory	
  

	
  
	
  
A	
  specific	
  set	
  of	
  criteria	
  for	
  sustainability	
  must	
  be	
  developed	
  rather	
  than	
  
using	
  an	
  “off	
  the	
  shelf”	
  assessment	
  for	
  a	
  number	
  of	
  reasons.	
  	
  As	
  mentioned	
  above	
  the	
  
actual	
  number	
  of	
  students	
  completing	
  a	
  first	
  year	
  lab	
  will	
  be	
  far	
  greater	
  than	
  the	
  
number	
  completing	
  a	
  fourth	
  year	
  lab,	
  and	
  thus	
  the	
  impacts	
  will	
  differ	
  significantly.	
  	
  
In	
  addition	
  the	
  literature	
  methods	
  for	
  evaluating	
  a	
  synthetic	
  process	
  differ	
  greatly	
  
from	
  methods	
  to	
  evaluate	
  an	
  analytical	
  process.	
  	
  Even	
  focusing	
  briefly	
  on	
  the	
  
analytical	
  case	
  alone,	
  there	
  are	
  many	
  different	
  methods	
  of	
  evaluation	
  that	
  collect	
  
and	
  display	
  information	
  differently.	
  	
  In	
  the	
  Rainey	
  and	
  Driver	
  method	
  a	
  pictogram	
  is	
  
created	
  showing	
  a	
  red,	
  yellow	
  or	
  green	
  rating	
  in	
  the	
  five	
  areas:	
  health,	
  safety,	
  waste,	
  
environmental	
  impact	
  and	
  energy	
  consumption.	
  (Raynie	
  and	
  Driver	
  2009)	
  	
  In	
  the	
  

Student	
  Sustainability	
  Award	
  Application	
   	
  

Kile	
  McKenna	
  

Eco-­‐scale	
  method	
  the	
  calculations	
  are	
  more	
  in	
  depth,	
  and	
  a	
  number	
  is	
  provided	
  on	
  a	
  
scale	
  of	
  100	
  to	
  judge	
  the	
  sustainability	
  of	
  the	
  method.	
  (Galuszka,	
  et	
  al.	
  2012)	
  	
  Both	
  
methods	
  have	
  their	
  advantages	
  and	
  it	
  is	
  possible	
  that	
  both	
  methods	
  could	
  have	
  a	
  
place	
  in	
  the	
  developed	
  assessment	
  criteria,	
  but	
  there	
  are	
  other	
  areas	
  of	
  
sustainability	
  that	
  should	
  be	
  considered	
  as	
  well.	
  	
  Additionally,	
  neither	
  of	
  these	
  
systems	
  would	
  be	
  suitable	
  for	
  the	
  evaluation	
  of	
  a	
  synthetic	
  process,	
  as	
  they	
  both	
  
focus	
  on	
  analytical	
  experimental	
  methodology.	
  	
  This	
  further	
  illustrates	
  the	
  need	
  for	
  
a	
  green	
  chemistry	
  metric	
  that	
  is	
  specialized	
  to	
  the	
  undergraduate	
  laboratory	
  setting.	
  
	
  
There	
  are	
  many	
  examples	
  in	
  the	
  recent	
  literature	
  of	
  green	
  undergraduate	
  
chemistry	
  experiments	
  being	
  developed	
  (Lang,	
  Harned	
  and	
  Wissinger	
  2011)	
  
(Buckley,	
  et	
  al.	
  2013).	
  	
  To	
  date,	
  there	
  has	
  not	
  been	
  a	
  demonstration	
  of	
  an	
  evaluation	
  
of	
  all	
  chemistry	
  labs	
  at	
  an	
  undergraduate	
  institution,	
  as	
  is	
  being	
  proposed	
  for	
  this	
  
project.	
  

Budget	
  and	
  Timeline	
  

	
  
	
  
Outside	
  of	
  the	
  time	
  spent	
  researching	
  the	
  methodology	
  and	
  implementing	
  it	
  
there	
  are	
  no	
  other	
  significant	
  inputs	
  required.	
  	
  The	
  $5000	
  award	
  would	
  sufficiently	
  
compensate	
  for	
  the	
  research	
  to	
  be	
  performed.	
  
	
  
	
  
Timeline	
  
Milestone	
  	
  
Target	
  date	
  
Commencement	
  of	
  project	
  
Immediately	
  upon	
  award	
  	
  
Finalization	
  of	
  evaluation	
  criteria	
  
May	
  31,	
  2015	
  
Application	
  of	
  criteria	
  to	
  labs	
  complete	
  
July	
  31,	
  2015	
  
Analysis	
  of	
  data	
  and	
  preparation	
  of	
  
August	
  31,	
  2015	
  
reports	
  
Presentation	
  of	
  findings	
  
September	
  2015	
  

Dissemination	
  
	
  

The	
  manner	
  in	
  which	
  the	
  results	
  of	
  this	
  research	
  will	
  be	
  disseminated	
  will	
  be	
  
key	
  to	
  producing	
  the	
  intended	
  outcomes	
  with	
  respect	
  to	
  the	
  advancement	
  of	
  
sustainable	
  practices	
  in	
  chemistry.	
  	
  A	
  report	
  detailing	
  the	
  development	
  of	
  the	
  green	
  
chemistry	
  evaluation	
  criteria,	
  and	
  application	
  of	
  the	
  criteria	
  will	
  be	
  made	
  available	
  
to	
  the	
  Faculty	
  of	
  Chemistry,	
  the	
  Office	
  of	
  Sustainability	
  and	
  the	
  student	
  body	
  via	
  the	
  
TRUSU	
  Chemistry	
  Biochemistry	
  Club.	
  	
  This	
  report	
  will	
  also	
  be	
  submitted	
  to	
  
academic	
  journals	
  for	
  publication.	
  
Two	
  supplemental	
  documents	
  will	
  also	
  be	
  developed	
  and	
  submitted	
  to	
  the	
  
Faculty	
  of	
  Chemistry.	
  	
  One	
  of	
  these	
  documents	
  will	
  recommend	
  potential	
  
alternatives	
  to	
  the	
  lowest	
  rated	
  labs	
  in	
  terms	
  of	
  green	
  chemistry,	
  which	
  would	
  serve	
  
to	
  improve	
  the	
  rating	
  under	
  the	
  observed	
  criteria.	
  	
  The	
  other	
  supplemental	
  

Student	
  Sustainability	
  Award	
  Application	
   	
  

Kile	
  McKenna	
  

document	
  will	
  provide	
  a	
  concise	
  rating	
  for	
  each	
  experiment	
  evaluated,	
  in	
  a	
  format	
  
that	
  would	
  be	
  suitable	
  to	
  include	
  in	
  future	
  versions	
  of	
  lab	
  manuals.	
  	
  
A	
  presentation	
  of	
  the	
  findings	
  will	
  also	
  be	
  made.	
  	
  The	
  presentation	
  will	
  be	
  
open	
  to	
  faculty,	
  students,	
  representatives	
  from	
  the	
  Office	
  of	
  Sustainability,	
  and	
  other	
  
stakeholders	
  at	
  the	
  university.	
  

Closing	
  Remarks	
  

	
  
	
  
A	
  novel	
  process	
  to	
  evaluate	
  the	
  sustainability	
  of	
  chemistry	
  labs	
  in	
  an	
  
undergraduate	
  university	
  setting	
  has	
  been	
  proposed.	
  	
  This	
  process	
  will	
  provide	
  
opportunities	
  for	
  improvements	
  with	
  respect	
  to	
  environmental	
  outcomes,	
  reduction	
  
of	
  costs	
  by	
  conserving	
  materials,	
  and	
  most	
  significantly,	
  the	
  advancement	
  of	
  the	
  
education	
  of	
  sustainable	
  principles	
  in	
  a	
  manner	
  that	
  could	
  be	
  integrated	
  seamlessly	
  
with	
  existing	
  curricula.	
  
	
  
In	
  my	
  opinion,	
  I	
  am	
  uniquely	
  qualified	
  to	
  complete	
  this	
  project	
  for	
  the	
  
following	
  reasons.	
  	
  Majoring	
  in	
  Environmental	
  Chemistry	
  has	
  given	
  me	
  a	
  solid	
  
foundation	
  in	
  physical	
  science	
  as	
  it	
  relates	
  to	
  sustainable	
  practices,	
  and	
  the	
  technical	
  
skills	
  required	
  in	
  evaluating	
  a	
  chemical	
  method.	
  	
  Work	
  this	
  semester	
  in	
  the	
  course	
  
Selected	
  Topics	
  in	
  Applied	
  Chemistry	
  has	
  focused	
  on	
  the	
  application	
  of	
  standardized	
  
criteria	
  to	
  chemical	
  methodologies,	
  and	
  has	
  given	
  me	
  experience	
  with	
  some	
  of	
  the	
  
different	
  rating	
  systems	
  available.	
  	
  	
  Pursuing	
  a	
  Minor	
  in	
  Environmental	
  Economics	
  
and	
  Sustainable	
  Development	
  has	
  expanded	
  on	
  my	
  knowledge	
  around	
  sustainable	
  
practices	
  in	
  an	
  interdisciplinary	
  fashion.	
  	
  This	
  work	
  has	
  included	
  topics	
  of	
  economic	
  
theory	
  as	
  applied	
  to	
  the	
  environment,	
  social	
  issues	
  in	
  sustainable	
  development,	
  and	
  
environmental	
  ethics.	
  	
  In	
  addition	
  I	
  have	
  four	
  years	
  of	
  work	
  experience	
  in	
  
construction	
  management,	
  during	
  which	
  time	
  I	
  completed	
  Built	
  Green	
  builder	
  
training	
  and	
  achieved	
  LEED	
  Accredited	
  Professional	
  status.	
  	
  Learning	
  about	
  these	
  
systems	
  gave	
  me	
  much	
  insight	
  into	
  standardized	
  methods	
  for	
  evaluating	
  
sustainability.	
  	
  Through	
  the	
  application	
  of	
  these	
  systems	
  to	
  real	
  construction	
  
projects	
  I	
  have	
  gained	
  a	
  significant	
  appreciation	
  for	
  the	
  challenges	
  that	
  may	
  be	
  
present	
  when	
  integrating	
  principles	
  of	
  sustainability	
  into	
  a	
  goal-­‐oriented	
  process.	
  
	
  
In	
  contemplation	
  of	
  the	
  benefits	
  outlined	
  above	
  and	
  strong	
  possibility	
  of	
  
success	
  in	
  achieving	
  the	
  goals	
  set	
  forth,	
  this	
  proposal	
  is	
  respectfully	
  submitted	
  for	
  
your	
  consideration.	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  

Student	
  Sustainability	
  Award	
  Application	
   	
  

Works	
  Cited	
  

Kile	
  McKenna	
  

	
  
Anastas,	
  Paul	
  T.	
  Green	
  Chemistry:	
  Theory	
  and	
  Practice.	
  New	
  York:	
  Oxford	
  University	
  
Press,	
  1998.	
  
Anastas,	
  Paul	
  T.,	
  and	
  Mary	
  M.	
  Kirchhoff.	
  "Origins,	
  Current	
  Status	
  and	
  Future	
  
Challenges	
  of	
  Green	
  Chemistry."	
  Accounts	
  of	
  Chemical	
  Research	
  35	
  (2002):	
  686-­‐694.	
  
Buckley,	
  Heather	
  L.,	
  Annelise	
  R.	
  Beck,	
  Martin	
  J.	
  Mulvihill,	
  and	
  Michelle	
  C.	
  Douskey.	
  
"Fitting	
  It	
  All	
  In:	
  Adapting	
  a	
  Green	
  Chemistry	
  Extraction	
  Experiment	
  for	
  Inclusion	
  in	
  
an	
  Undergraduate	
  Analytical	
  Laboratory	
  ."	
  Journal	
  of	
  Chemical	
  Education	
  90	
  (2013):	
  
771-­‐774.	
  
Cann,	
  Michael	
  C.,	
  and	
  Trudy,	
  A.	
  Dickneider.	
  "Infusing	
  the	
  Chemistry	
  Curriculum	
  with	
  
Green	
  Chemistry	
  Using	
  Real-­‐World	
  Examples,	
  Web	
  Modules,	
  and	
  Atom	
  Economy	
  in	
  
Organic	
  Chemistry	
  Courses."	
  Journal	
  of	
  Chemical	
  Education	
  81,	
  no.	
  7	
  (2004):	
  977-­‐
980.	
  
Galuszka,	
  A.,	
  P.	
  Konieczka,	
  Z.	
  Migaszewski,	
  and	
  J	
  Namiesnik.	
  "Analytical	
  Eco-­‐Scale	
  for	
  
assessing	
  the	
  greenness	
  of	
  analytical	
  procedures."	
  Trends	
  in	
  Analytical	
  Chemistry	
  37	
  
(2012):	
  61-­‐72.	
  
Galuszka,	
  Agnieszka,	
  Zdzislaw	
  Migaszewski,	
  and	
  Jacek	
  Namisnik.	
  "The	
  12	
  principles	
  
of	
  green	
  analytical	
  chemistry	
  and	
  the	
  SIGNIFICANCE	
  mnemonic	
  of	
  green	
  analytical	
  
practices	
  ."	
  Trends	
  in	
  Analytical	
  Chemistry	
  50	
  (2013):	
  78-­‐84.	
  
Lang,	
  Patrick	
  T.,	
  Andrew	
  M.	
  Harned,	
  and	
  Jane.	
  E.	
  Wissinger.	
  "Oxidation	
  of	
  Borneol	
  to	
  
Camphor	
  Using	
  Oxone	
  and	
  Catalytic	
  Sodium	
  Chloride:	
  A	
  Green	
  Experiment	
  for	
  the	
  
Undergraduate	
  Organic	
  Chemistry	
  Laboratory	
  ."	
  Journal	
  Of	
  Chemical	
  Education	
  88	
  
(2011):	
  652-­‐656.	
  
Raynie,	
  D.,	
  and	
  J.L.	
  Driver.	
  "Green	
  assesment	
  of	
  chemical	
  methods."	
  13th	
  Green	
  Chem.	
  
Eng.	
  Conf.	
  Washington,	
  DC,	
  2009.