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ARCHEOLOGY
THE ARCH^OLOGICAL COLLECTION
FROM TIIK

Southern Interior of British Columbia
BY

Ilarhtr.

I.

Smith

OTTAWA
GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU
1913

No. I2QO

1

c

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION
SOUTHERN INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

BY

HARLAN I. SMITH

413831

CONTENTS.
PAUL
Introduction

1

The exhibit.
(1) The Thompson River region
(2)

(3)

(4)

7
9

Resources

The securing of food
The preparation of food

12
18

Habitations
(6) Tools used by men
(7) Tools used by women

18

(5)

(8)

19

23

The manufacture of special objects

25

Weapons used in war
(10) Dress and ornament
(11) Games, amusements, and smoking
(12) Art

28

(9)

(13)

29
32

34

Method of burial

38

Conclusion
Publications on the archaeology of the southern interior of British Columbia..

38
40

ILLUSTRATIONS.
PA 01.

Plate

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI

.

VII.
VIII.

IX.

X

.

XI.

XII
XIII

.

.

XIV.

XV.
XVI.
Figure

The Thompson River region
The securing of food
The securing of food
The preparation of food
The preparation of food

Frontispiece.

End.

Habitations
Tools used by men
Tools used by women
The manufacture of special objects
The manufacture of pestles or hammers
Weapons used in war
Dress and ornament

Games, amusements, and smoking
Art
Art

1.

Method of burial
Index map of Canada showing location of the Thompson Rive?

2.

Indei

7

region
3.

map of the Thompson River region and vicinity
Diagram showing how decay and wind may reduce a semisubterranean winter house to a hole surrounded

bankment

8

by an em

19

413831J

279296

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION
FROM THE SOUTHERN INTERIOR
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
INTRODUCTION.
In the archaeological section of the Victoria Memorial

Museum, Ottawa
there

is

the national museum of Canada-

an interesting collection of specimens from

the Thompson River region of the southern interior of
British Columbia.

This exhibit is typical and compre

hensive enough to give a good general idea of the
handiwork, or material culture of the older people who

dwelt in that area, and who, it is evident, were the
ancestors of the Indians now living there.

An important feature of the collection is that it is
representative of the general material culture of a very
much larger area than the Thompson River region:

The
probably including the whole plateau region.
term "plateau" being used to include the interior of
the State of Washington; a narrow strip to the south
ward of that State; the Thompson River region, and
the remainder of the interior of British Columbia; and
probably, the interiors of Yukon, Mackenzie, and
Alaska. The archaeology of this culture area is very
imperfectly known, for the collections from the
respective plateaus in Canada
of those from the Thompson

exceedingly small.

with the exception
River region - - are

When an archaeological survey of the entire plateau
region in Canada is completed, slight variations in the
material culture will, no doubt, be disclosed; but not
until this general investigation has been made will it
be possible to differentiate the handiwork of one part

A

com
of the plateau region from that of another.
parative study of the plateau culture of the Washington
State interior, on the one hand, and the Thompson
River region, on the other, shows a somewhat different
culture in the respective areas; but it is evident that

both belong to the same general plateau culture; a
material culture in marked contrast to that found on
the Pacific coast to the west, and entirely different
from that of the Great Plains to the east.
Archaeological remains are useful data from which to
reconstruct the life of a prehistoric people, as far as
it is possible to do so from the imperfect materials

which
have withstood the ravages of time. They are col
lected sometimes from the earth s surface where they
have been either lost or discarded
sometimes by
in
the
of
old
sites
camps and villages,
excavating
and are sometimes dug from ancient graves.

Our Previous Knowledge. The life of the prehistoric
people of the main Thompson valley was practically
unknown to the world until about 1897. There were,
perhaps, a dozen pages published which gave some
little information on the life of these people, but
ignorance prevailed as to the character of their handi
crafts or material culture; the things which they made

and used. It was not generally known, for instance,
whether they knew how to make pottery; whether
they used straight or crooked pipes; or whether they
were good carvers and etchers.

But stored away in the old Museum of the Geological
Survey, Ottawa, were splendid specimens collected in
the Thompson Valley region by various persons, among
whom were members of the staff of the Survey notably
;

George M. Dawson, for many years
Since then other specimens have been added

the late Dr.
director.

-hence there is now a representative series in the
national collections at Ottawa.
The Opportunity

to

Increase

Knowledge.

In

the

became possible for the writer, as
American Archaeologist on the Jesup North Pacific
spring of 1897

it

Expedition, to go to the Thompson River valley to
This was necessary
find out about these early people.
because, as before suggested, it was impossible to
learn about them by reading, since the literature on
the subject was very meagre. Funds for the purpose

were provided by Mr. Morris K. Jesup, President of
the American Museum of Natural History, New York
City, who had become deeply interested in the abor
both past and present of the North Pacific
igines
coasts of America and Asia, and who had set aside a
large sum of his own money for the purpose of carrying

on investigations in the whole region bordering the
North Pacific ocean, so that the results might go to
the museum of which he was president.

The

archaeological work in the Thompson River
was
carried on as part of the expedition which
valley
was organized by Professor Franz Boas, of Columbia
University. The largest number of men employed in
the archaeological excavations at any time was four,
while most of the time only two men were engaged.
It is interesting to know that so few men, in such a
short time, could secure the large number of specimens

found; specimens which were needed in order to
reconstruct an idea of the prehistoric culture of the
region.

From

the

material

collected there were

selected

representative specimens, which were illustrated in the
scientific volumes that gave an account of the work of

the expedition and were used in museum exhibitions
to teach the general facts deduced from the research

work.

A large number of duplicate specimens re

mained, but these were not useless, for some were
exchanged with other museums, and the Victoria
Memorial Museum obtained casts of some of the more
unique specimens. A large quantity of material is
needed in order to determine which articles were in
common use, which were special objects, and which
were brought in from other peoples and other regions.
When only one specimen is found no one knows but
what it may be an exception; when, however, many
are found, it is inferred that they were articles in com
mon use. The scientific reports of this work were
printed in order that the facts might not be lost, as
might be the case if only one manuscript or one printed
book existed. Over one hundred copies were given to
leading libraries and learned societies in all the great
countries of the world.

In the same way that we desire to cling to the prop
erty of our ancestors, so the Indians reverence and
guard the land of their forefathers. It was sometimes
difficult to persuade the Indians who owned the land
where most of the explorations were conducted to allow
the work to be carried on. But when the purpose of
the investigation was explained to them, some of the

Indians highly appreciated the work; in fact they
favoured it more than many of our own people do.

The photographs reproduced in this pamphlet were
made by the author. The specimens are shown about
one-half of their natural size, except in Plate XI,
where they are reduced to one-fourth their actual
length.

How We Learn of the Prehistoric Inhabitants.

In

order to learn about the prehistoric inhabitants, and
to determine whether the Indians living in this region

to-day are at all like them, it was necessary to dig
into old graves and hearths and under the places where
their houses and villages were.

The things found

in

this way tell us practically all that it is possible for us

to learn of their former owners.

The

Prehistoric

of the
Similarity
After studying
Cultures.

all

and

Present

the collections

it

was

found that the culture of the prehistoric people was
similar to that of the present native inhabitants, the

Thompson River Indians of to-day.

Collections from

the latter are also shown in this

Museum, and

it

will be noted by those who look at them that many of

objects are made of
other materials subject to

the

cannot

wood, horn,

skin,

and

decay; consequently we
such objects among the

expect to find
All that
prehistoric remains.

we can hope to find
an enduring nature
among them

are things of
those made of stone, bone, antler, and shell,
;

and the

larger objects made of metal.

An examination of the bones found in the graves
has shown that the prehistoric people were physically
much like the Indians living in the same region today.
Intercourse with Coast and Other Tribes.

Although
had
sea
secured
an inland people, thay
shells, which
suggests that they had traded with the people of the

6
coast

one hundred and fifty miles to the west.

Some

of the carvings (See Plate XI, and Plate XV, a, b) so
much resemble those made by the coast people, and are

so different from the carvings usually found inland,
that it seems that the people must either have obtained

them from the coast people or else, after having seen
the work of the coast Indians, must have endeavoured
to imitate that work.

The general character of most of the remains found
on the coast is totally different from that of the inland
remains.
sea

Moreover, the resources of the coast country
are different from the

and cedar products

scattered though varied resources inland.
The coast
while
the
interior
is
is
country
very wet,
dry.

The character of the objects in general suggests that
the prehistoric Indians of the Thompson River valley
were more comparable to the people of the western
plateaus, and even the plains, than to the coast people.

When the People Lived.

We cannot tell definitely the

age of the specimens, that is, when they were made and
used, because they were found in sandy valleys and
hillsides, where the wind is continually shifting the
soil; but judging from the complete absence of objects
made by the whites in many of the places explored, we
may conclude that the specimens found there must
have been made and used before the coming of white
traders

probably several hundred years ago.

THE EXHIBIT.
(1)

The

THE THOMPSON RIVER REGION.
The

Location
of the

Country.

region

of

the

main Thompson

a part of the great interior plateau
of the southern interior of British Columbia, immediately north of the State of

river

Washington

is

indicated

upon the ac

companying index map (Fig. 1) by a square spot.

Fig.

1.

Index map of Canada showing location of the Thompson Hirer region.

(Fig. 2) shows in
graphical features of this area.

other

The

map

more

detail

the geo

8

The photograph accompanying the

The Charac- exhibit (Plate I) shows one of the largest
ter of the

Region.
sites

village sites and burial places in the area
the place where many of these specimens

:

were collected. The locations of all the
examined are indicated on the detail map. A

Fig. 2.

Index map of the Thompson River region and vicinity.

glance at Plate I, which was taken from Lytton, look
ing northward up Fraser river, shows that the country

has a dry or arid climate.

Consequently the vegeta

tion is very scanty, and, except on the highlands, trees

are scarce.

The range of temperature is extreme: the

summers are hot, the winters cold.

(2)

RESOURCES.

The prehistoric inhabitants, like the
Thompson Indians living there to-day,

Materials
Used by the relied upon the many, though limited
natural resources of their country. Some
People.
of these are
exhibit.

shown in Section 2 of the

The fact that these materials were found in

the form of implements and other objects, undoubtedly

made by the aborigines, proves their economical value
to those people.
They may be classified as mineral,
animal, and plant.

Many domestic articles were made of
Glassy basalt was the material
most frequently chipped into points for
arrows or for knives and drills. Yellow, red, and green
jasper, chalcedony, and obsidian were also used for

Minerals.

this purpose.

stone.

We find skin-scrapers made of quartzite

and fish knives of slate and argillite. Mica schist was
used for whetstones. Sandstones were made into pipes,
a coarse variety of the same rock into arrow shaft
smoothers, and into grinders that were used to cut
pieces of hard green stones, which materials were
extensively used for chisels and adzes.
Many pipes
were made of soapstone. Yellow, red, green, and white
earths must have been collected, for we find them in
the graves as if they had been in paint bags. Moreover,
we find red earth, known as red ochre, daubed on some
of the objects.
We know that copper was used
because we find copper pendants, bracelets, and beads,
and the stains of copper on human bones. Even if no
necklaces of copper beads had been found, the fact
that one of the neck bones is stained by copper would

10
suggest that copper had been worn as a necklace.

The

copper found in modern graves probably came from
white men, while that from the ancient graves may
have come from the mountains north of Lytton, where
In one modern grave was
native copper occurs.
of
iron.
found a piece
This, the Indians probably
secured from the whites, and its occurrence, alone, is
sufficient to suggest that the grave was not an old one.

a form of lead ore and mica,
used for pendants, were found, also crystals of quartz
and calcite and there are many other mineral products
Besides these, galena

;

represented in the collection.

We know that materials from the folAnimal

lowing animals were available: the bear,

Materials,

puma, wolf, beaver, woodchuck, weasel,
deer, and elk; because we find in the old

hearths the bones of these animals.

We shall see that

bones and antlers were made into implements; bone
into points, adzes or chisels, knife handles, scrapers,
awls, needles, pendants, and beads; antler into handles,

harpoon points, wedges, daggers, war-clubs, and carv
and if they had the bones as an economic
ings
resource, they had also the flesh, furs, and skins of
;

Fragments of deer skin so useful for
The dryness of the
were
actually found.
clothing
climate no doubt had much to do with their preserv
ation.
We found the teeth of the beaver; and we know
that they were utilized by these people, because dice
made from such beaver teeth were found. Bear and
elk teeth drilled for pendants were also found.
Besides
there
of
are
the
bones
other
animals
these,
many
including the salmon which to this day supply the
these animals.

11

Indians with much of their winter food. Bone of
whales, used for clubs, must have come from the coast.
We may draw the conclusion, when we find the

bones of a certain animal, that they had this animal
to use; otherwise we should not find its remains
buried in grave or hearth. For instance, when we
find the bone of a dog we do not know positively that

they ate the dog, or utilized his skin, or had him for a
companion, but we are at least sure that they had the
dog to use according to their best knowledge.
Among the shells we find some from the fresh waters
The number of these shells found
of the vicinity.
was, however, so small as to show that fresh water
shell fish were not used as a common article of food.
Shells of varieties that live in the sea, and must have
been brought from the Pacific ocean, were seen.
Among these are the iridescent haliotis, or abalone

and the large scollop (Pecten caurinus). Olivella
Whether the sea shells
shells were found at Lytton.
were collected by these people or secured by them
from other people, is not known.
On the coast, cedar, and sea products such as whales,
seals, salmon, and shell-fish, were the great staple re
sources; but of these the salmon is the only resource
which was at all conspicuous in this interior country.
shell

This marked difference in the nature of the natural
resources partly explains why the material culture of
the two regions differed.

Plant
Materials,

Among plant materials we find bits of
charcoal in the hearths; and the expert
can tell us by examination of the charcoal

what

sort of

Valley people burned.

wood

the old

Thompson

Bits of birch bark were found;

12

owing to the dry climate, it had not decayed. The
gum of some kind of pine tree, and charred berries
which had not decayed, were also found. The fire
when it charred the berries consumed everything that
would easily decay, leaving charcoal which does not
decompose under the conditions where these charred
Seeds of Lythospermum were
berries were found.
found at Lytton. The climate is so dry that fragments
of cords, and even of woven mats made of cat tail
stalks; of sacking of sage brush bark; and of fibre of
cedar, have been preserved; hence we know that not
only did they use these materials, but also the way in
which they employed them, and their style of weaving.
Perforated pieces of antler, found in the graves, are
for,

exactly like the handles of the digging-stick of to-day.
This suggests that edible roots were among their
resources.

(3)

f
<

p.

,

.

TV<5<5*

R

.

THE SECURING OF FOOD.
Next, let us glance at the methods by
which they secured their food. These
methods, as suggested by the specimens
themselves, and by the mode of life of
other primitive

people, were,

edly, hunting and

fishing,

undoubt

and the

col

as by picking berries
lecting of wild plant products
and digging roots. They, evidently, had no domestic

animal except the dog, and did not make a practice of
cultivating the land.

13

Many points for arrows, spears, and
knives, chipped and flaked out of stones

f

-

that chip well, especially glassy basalt,
were found.
Examples are shown in
Plate II.

Points ground out of mica

one of which is shown
were rarely found; but if we were to go
in Plate III
to the coast, we should find that the ancient coast
schist, or argillite

people ground many more points in proportion to
those they chipped. The large points may have been
used for knives, with or without short handles. The
points could have been set in the split end of a handle,
and held there by winding with wet thongs, which, on
drying, w ould shrink and hold the knives securely.
r

Some of the large points, as, for instance, those shown
in Plate II, figs, n-p,

heads.

The

may have been used also as spear

small points,

such as those shown in

Plate II, figs, g-j, were probably made for arrows
used with bows, such as those the modern Indians
still

remember making and using.

The small fantastic points with peculiar serrated
edges, such as those shown in Plate II, figs, k-1, may
have been used in a sort of primitive surgery or quack
ery, or for some other purpose.

An interesting thought arises in conPrehistoric nexion with the unnotched, leaf-shaped
Arsenals.
points, shown in Plate II, fig. c, of which,
sometimes, as many as forty were found
deposited together in the ground. A few of them only,
were finished with notches at the base to facilitate
fastening to arrows or spears, but by merely making
two notches in these leaf-shaped forms, finished points
413832

14

The style of these points was governed
the
It
entirely by
position of the two little notches.
could be made.

would seem that these deposits were small arsenals,
man, family, or village owning them; but in
some cases several such deposits were found within a
distance of one hundred feet of each other, suggesting
that they were under individual houses. Possibly they
were the stocks of arrow makers, for we do not know
whether each man made his own arrows, or whether
one or more men made the arrows for each community.
for the

It is considered that a higher plane of human develop

ment has been reached when there is a division of
labour; one man, for instance, could make the arrows
for a number, while, perhaps, another man hunted not

only for himself, but for many, among whom, of
course, would be the man who supplied his arrow
points.

Besides the chipped stone points there

Bone Points were also found a few points and barbs
for Arrows

rubbed out of bone.

One is reproduced

and Spears,

in Plate III,

In the old sites on

fig. b.

the coast there are found more bone
points than points made of stone, but in the interior,
bone points are rather scarce. Some of those found
One is
are large, made of antler, and are barbed.
shown in Plate III, fig. c. The Indians say that the
last named points were used for beaver spears.

The

preservation of a wooden foreFore-Shafts shaft of an arrow or spear, and another

for Arrows

or Spears,

larger one made of bone
due to the dry ness of

is

manifestly
the climate.

Several fragments of bows were also found.

15

Certain grooved stones were probably

Net Sinkers, used as net sinkers.

One is illustrated

in Plate III, fig. d; while another may be

seen in the part of the collection described as

Used by Men."

"Tools

They suggest to us a means of secur

ing salmon by the use of nets.
Possibly, however,
they may have been either club heads or hammerstones.

Imple-

Scrapers were found made of bone;
they were used for securing vegetable or

ments for

plant food (See Plates III,

Securing

XIV, fig. i). Not knowing the purpose
of these implements an old Thompson
Indian was interrogated who stated that
when a child he had seen his parents

Sap and
Bark for
Food.

fig.

f,

and

after removing the outer bark of certain
use
such tools to scrape or cut off the soft inner
trees,

bark which they used for food. Besides tools like the
above, there are bone implements resembling paper
knives, which it is supposed were used for the purpose
of peeling or cutting bark while securing bark for food.

Digging-

The next exhibit is the handle of a root
The whole of the root digger
digger.
used by the modern Indian is usually
made of wood, hence would more easily

Sticks

decay than the old handles of antler found

Handles
for

by archaeological research.

It

is

likely

that the root diggers of the ancient Indians were often

made of wood, which may be the reason why only the
handles, such as the one shown in Plate III, fig. e, have
been found. These are perforated in the middle, for
receiving the butt of a digging stick.
413832*

16

(4)

THE PREPARATION OF FOOD.
Among the articles used in the prepar-

Pestles and ation of food, are stone pestles of various

Hammers

forms,

for Crush-

tough river pebbles

usually

made

of

fine

grained,

two of which are
in
shown
Plate
Food,
ing
V, figs, b and c.
They
may have been used also as hammers,
and are referred to again under "Tools Used by Men."
The pestles conform to two general types: one (fig. c)
the type of pestle or hammer made by the people near
the mouth of the Thompson river; the other

(fig.

b)

the type made by the people of the Kamloops region.

In addition to these, a few pestles were found which

common to other regions.

One variety
rarely found in the Thompson River region, is the com
are of types

mon type on the coast.

It has a short striking head,

and a top of similar shape, but smaller.

Certain speci

mens are probably mere cylindrical stones, selected for
pounding or rubbing; while others have been artifi
cially formed with care; some have the tops carved to
represent the heads of animals (See Plate XV, fig. d).
These pestles served for crushing dried meat, berries,
and other food.

Stones

On all the old village sites there were
many flat oval boulders, some with

upon which shallow, saucer-shaped depressions in one
Food was

or both sides.

Crushed.

sandstone were found, the sides of
which are ground smooth. It would

Occasionally, large slabs

of

seem that these stones were employed as anvils or hand
mills, upon which to crush berries and other food.

17

Mortars
for Grinding Food.

Stone mortars are scarce; but some
were found, and they were probably used
for

red

grinding food, preparing medicine,
One is
ochre, and other paints.

shown in Plate IV.

No fragment of ancient pottery has been
found in this region, nor on the adjacent

Pottery.

coast, or anywhere in British

therefore,

it is

Columbia,

natural to conclude that the aborigines

were not acquainted with the potter s art.
Slate knives, resembling in shape the

common chopping knives,

Knives for

blade of our

Cutting
Food.

were found, chiefly in the western part of
the area. One is reproduced in Plate V,
The Indians in the region at the
fig. a.

present time use similar knives, but they are made of
iron procured from the whites.

The modern

after

placing

food in closely
covering it with

woven

The Boiling their uncooked
of Food.

baskets,

and

Indians,

water,

dropped in hot stones and thus boiled the
food.

It

is

village sites

interesting to note that, on these ancient
we find stones cracked and blackened by

had been used for cooking food after
the same fashion as that until recently followed by the
modern Indians. On the village sites in the Mississippi
fire, as though they

valley, and other regions where pottery was used, such
stones are not so common.

18
(5)

HABITATIONS.

All through this region are evidences of prehistoric

habitations located at varying distances from the larger
village sites.

This suggests that the mode of life of the

prehistoric people was similar to that of the present
Indians, of whom, one or two families often live at some

distance from the main villages.

On the sites of the old villages there

Summer
Houses.

shallow saucer-shaped depressions,
like those formed by continual sweeping

are

in the conical lodge or

summer house

modern Indians. The shape of the lodge is
one of the points of resemblance of the culture here
with that of the plains to the east.
of the

Until recently the

Thompson Indian

Winter
Houses of

built his house partly underground.
He
dug a hole from ten to thirty feet in

Modern

diameter, upon the edge of which he
rested a roof that covered the entire

Indians.

excavation.

An opening was left in the

top which served as doorway, window, and chimney.
The Indians entered and left the house by means of a
curious ladder made of a notched log. Two of these
still

rum.

existed in 1897, though they were fast going to
One is shown in Plate VI, fig. b.

On all the old village sites are found
Winter
Houses of

numbers of circular depressions, ten to
thirty feet in diameter, and two to five
Prehistoric feet deep (See Figure 3). Each is surIndians.
rounded by a ridge of earth. One is
shown in Plate VI, fig. a. Excavations
in these show that the fireplace was near the centre of

19
It would seem that these depressions are
the remains of winter houses similar to those of the

the house.

Diagram showing how decay and wind may reduce a semi-eubterranean
winter house co a hole surrounded by an embankment. Horizontal shading
represents the earth on the roof of the house. Vertical shading represents
the same earth after the house has gone to ruin.

Fig. 3.

modern Indians. We consequently conclude that the
summer and winter habitations of both the prehistoric,
and the present day Indians, were practically the
same.
Small pits of similar appearance, but deeper in
proportion to their diameter, are found near the
house-sites, and are supposed to be remains of caches
or cellars.
Near Kamloops a considerable number of
caches of another sort were found. These contained
pieces of glassy basalt and hammer-stones; while in
others were awls, needles, and sap-scrapers, all made
of bone.

(6)

Wedges.

TOOLS USED BY MEN.
Wedges made of the antler of the elk
were not uncommon, and among other
uses may have been utilized for splitting

out the timbers for the roof of the house.

One is

20

shown in Plate VII, fig. e.

Some of these wedges are

curved, a shape that indicates that the}* may have
been used in hollowing out canoes. Some are battered
on the upper end from having been struck with a
hammer, and one has a groove on each side, showing
that it was partly cut, and then broken from the antler
of which it was made.
It will be remembered that certain of

Hammers,

the stone pestles considered under

The

Preparation of Food," particularly those

with concave bases, may have been used as hammers.
The articles thought to be net sinkers, or club heads
one of which is shown in Plate VII, fig. g
were

perhaps employed as hammers, although the modern
Indians doubt it.
Tough pebbles were used for
pounding; but the deeply bipitted hammer-stone of
the east is not often found here.

Adzes.
stones,

There have been found many celts
here, no doubt used chiefly as chisels
or adzes.
These were made of green
from
serpentine to a hard semi
ranging

precious translucent rock called nephrite.
Examples
of these are shown
in
Plate VII, figs, a, b,

and f. The last one (fig. f). a chisel or adze,
was made by sharpening a flake from a nephrite
It will be seen that many of these imple
ments have grooves along the edges (figs, a and b)
showing that they were partly detached and then
broken from larger pieces of the same material; and a
few boulders (Plate IX, fig. a) show the process of

boulder.

manufacture.

Some of

the celts are double bitted

21
(Plate VII,

fig.

b)

and many are so sharp that they

must have made effective instruments for cutting
wood. One (Plate VII, fig. a) shows the stain left
by the haft in which it was used; others show wear
on the cutting edge. Chisels made of bone were also
found.

Some specimens shown in Plate VII
are apparently points for scrapers

Scrapers,
Knives,

h and i), knives (fig. 1), and

Drills.

j

and k).

(figs.

drills (figs.

These tools were made from

such materials as glassy basalt, jasper,

and chert. These may have been
the hand; but one piece of bone has every

opal, chalcedony,

held in

appearance of having been used as a handle. Perhaps
a chipped knife point was fastened into it at one end
by means of gum. The front tooth of the beaver was
also formed into what is, no doubt, a blade for a carvingknife.
Instruments of this nature are extensively used

by various living tribes.

Some of the chipped imple

ments, supposed to have been drills, were possibly
used for boring holes in blocks of steatite, to make
pipes like those shown in Plate XIII.

Half cylinders of sandstone, with a
Arrow
groove lengthwise in the flat side, were
Some
Shaft
common (Plate VII, fig. d).
Smoothers, are decorated with geometric designs
made up of incised lines filled with red
paint.
They were probably used for straightening

and smoothing the shafts of arrows, in the same way
It is interesting to
as we would use sandpaper.
notice that some of the grooves trend towards the
right; while the right lower, and left upper corners

22

most worn. This would be
caused by grasping the two objects in the right hand
and sliding them up and down on a shaft, for the
thumb and fingers would tend to push the upper one
to the left at the top, and to the right at the bottom.
of the flat side are the

It would seem, therefore, that the right hand was the

one usually used when working with this tool.
are

similar

to

the modern

arrow-shaft

These

smoothers,

which have not yet been discovered among archaeo
logical finds on the coast, or among the present Indians
their presence here strengthens the belief in
the affiliation of the culture in this area with that of

there;

the plateaus, and the east.

Whetstones of gritty mica schist were
Whetstones.often found. One is shown in Plate VII,
Such whetstones may have been
fig. c.
used for sharpening the bone and stone chisels.
Spatulate objects of bone were also found. They
may have been used for flaking the fine edges of arrow
points.

one very interesting carved
Toggle for specimen made of antler, which the
Dog Halter, modern Indians believe to have been used
as a toggle for a dog halter, to keep the

There

is

rope from slipping up and choking the dog.

It is again

mentioned on page 35, and is also shown in Plate XV,
There are many other articles which we may
fig. a.
consider as tools, the exact use of which is at present
unknown.

23
\

(7)

TOOLS USED BY WOMEN.

Tools used by women may be considered as distinct
from those used by men. Among these are scrapers
for preparing skins, awls for piercing them, and needles.
These tools were used in making clothing of skin and
other material.

Some of the scrapers are chipped from
Scrapers for stone. Two are shown in Plate VIII,
Preparing figs, a and b. In 1898 I photographed
a Shuswap woman near Kamloops who
was scraping and preparing a skin with
such a stone scraper hafted in the split end of a wooden

Skins.

handle; although she was within two miles of a rail
way roundhouse where iron could have been picked
up. She had learned to wear calico clothing, but in
her work she still clung to the implement of her ances
tors.

We might say she was a Stone Age woman in

The Thompson Indians also use such a scraper.
1898.
The little chipped scrapers (Plate VII, figs, h, i) con
sidered as tools used by men, may have been used as
and some of the large chipped forms
(Plate VIII, fig. c) may have been used by the women

skin scrapers,
for knives.

There were also found scrapers made of bone and of
One shows that something had been wound
around the ends. The modern Indians wind horse ribs
in a similar way, and use them like a drawshave for
scraping skins which they lay over a pole or beam.
There has been seen even part of a scythe blade so
wound and used. In the case of skin scrapers made
of a leg bone of the deer, needles and awls were some
times placed in the natural groove of the bone and were
antler.

bound in, for safe keeping when not in use.

24
After

the

skin

has

been

prepared,

stone, bone (Plate VIII, figs, d, f), and
antler perforators were no doubt used in

Awls.

making them into garments, pouches, and the like.
these things have been found in this area.

It

All

might

not be out of place to class as awls some of the artifacts
seen among the chipped points under the section of
"The

Securing of

Used by Men."

Food,"

and the section of

"

Tools

Some natural pieces of chalcedony

were also found, which may have been used as awls.
Some of the bone awls are decorated with incised
designs and notches, or both (Plate XIV, g, h). Others
had been daubed with red ochre. A few of these
implements may have been used for plaiting baskets.
The awls made of the ulnae and metapodial bones of
the deer are of forms and materials common to many
parts of America.

An Iron

The iron found in a grave previously
mentioned as being a more modern speci-

Awl.

men than the others, perhaps obtained
by barter from the whites was in the
It was set in a bone handle, stained

form of an awl.

green by copper salts.

No spindle whorls, known to be such,
Spindle
Whorls.

w ere found in this region; but there is a
T

perforated stone which was possibly so

used for spinning. It is similar in shape
to the spindle whorls used to-day among the coast
people, a halfday s ride by rail to the west. The
perforated stone mentioned above is in the Provincial
Museum at Victoria, and is illustrated in the national
collection by a drawing.

25

made

bone were found.
The eye is usually elliptical and at some
Needles.
distance from the end.
Some have two
eyes, and a few are decorated with incised lines.
Needles were probably used not only for sewing skin
garments, but for fastening together cat tails and
rushes, to make mats similar to those seen among the
Needles

of

present day Indians, for use as house covers.
Similarly
needles
are
made
of
iron
the
shaped
by
Thompson
Indians, and are used for this purpose.

Many fragments of bags or mats, made
Fabrics

and Skins,

by weaving strips of the bark of the sage
brush, and also some fragments of skins
bearing fur, have been preserved, owing,

in some cases, to the dryness of the climate, in others

to the preserving action of copper salts.
One piece of
birch bark is of interest as showing where the stitches

had been put through.
(8)

THE MANUFACTURE OF SPECIAL
OBJECTS.
Some specimens suggest the mode of

The Making
of Chipped

manufacture of certain objects. For example, we found pebbles of agate,

Stone Points

jasper,

and the like, as well as rough
basalt
the raw
pieces of glassy
material out of which points were
Spears, etc.
chipped also the pebbles which could
have been used as mauls for breaking up such material;
fragments of basalt, broken up by means of a maul;
for Arrows,

small pebbles possibly used as

hammers for chipping

pieces of glassy basalt into the rough form of an imple-

26

ment; chips, and flakes, probably the refuse from these
chipping processes; and pieces of basalt in the forms of
points for spears, arrows, and other artifacts probably
made by means of such small hammer pebbles. Pieces
of antler and bone probably were used for pressing off
the fine flakes in making points for arrows and other
things.
Experiment has shown them to be most
These pieces have been
suitable for the purpose.
mentioned under the section Tools Used by Men."
There are
Some of the fine flakes were found.
also many blades and points finished by specializing
such blanks into various shapes, some with and
some without the notches which were used to
in
the split end
facilitate fastening the points
"

of a shaft or handle.

It is interesting to fill the notches

in one of these specimens with plaster-of-paris, so that
one may see the small amount of chipping necessary to
change the cache or leaf -shaped forms into the finished
implement. Quantities of cache forms were found
deposited in the ground, and such deposits are called
The Indians now living in the Thompson
caches.
River region still possess the art of making small

chipped arrow-points. They make journeys up the
mountains, where they break glassy basalt fresh from
the quarry, in which state they claim it can be
worked more easily than if weathered.

One stage in the manufacture of a pestle or hammer
shown in Plate X.

It is a boulder which has been
a
stone until the ends have been
with
bruised or pecked
flattened, and the part around the middle hollowed out
is

in the process of reducing it to proper form.

27

The Making of
Celts
(Chisels

Natural boulders, and fragments of
green stone, some of which is nephriteabout as hard as steel, and usually of a
beautiful, translucent, greenish colour
were numerous along the banks of the

and Adzes) streams, and in the gravel. Small sandfrom Green stone slabs, worn sharp at the edge,
which exactly fit the artificial grooves
ground in some of the boulders and frag
ments, were found. These grinders show striations
which indicate that in use they were shoved back and
Stone.

forth somewhat as planes are used.

Evidently pieces
were cut from the boulders with them. That these
sandstone plough grinders were most numerous where
the grooved boulders were found, strengthens this idea.
A Lillooet chief informed me that his old people said
that beaver teeth were used to cut these green stones,
while deer ribs were used in like manner to cut antler,
and that by experiment he had found the latter method
remarkably successful. Dr. G. M. Dawson believed
that quartz crystals (Plate IX, fig. b) were used for
cutting grooves in nephrite. From some of the boulders
a piece or pieces have been first partly cut out by groov
ing, evidently by means of these slabs, or with crystals

of quartz, slabs of wood used with sand, or, perhaps,

sometimes even with a string used with sand and water.
Some grooves like the one shown in Plate IX, fig. a,
being deeper in the middle than at the ends, could not
have been cutwith a string,but only with something like
the slab of sandstone which might be made to plough
deeper in the middle of the cut than at the ends. After
grooving on both sides, these pieces have been broken
The broken surface clearly shows in many specifree.

28
mens.

Pieces of nephrite, broken from boulders, and

which were made to
also
These were
are
found.
detach
them,
partly
Some of these adzes
finally made into adzes or chisels.
or
as
celts,
they are called by arch
(Plate IX, fig. c)
aeologists, show traces of the grooves which were cut in
order to break the piece from which each of them was
made from the rough boulder, or from a slab cut in like
A few (Plate IX, fig. d)
manner from the boulder.
even show a broken surface not yet effaced by grinding
still showing the groove or grooves

and polishing. At last we find the finished celt which
has been rubbed and polished until no trace of these
grooves remains.

Skin scrapers were made from quartzite
The Mapebbles, which are numerous all over the
of
king
country. Some of the flakes broken off
from such pebbles have been used until
Skin
the
edges are polished smooth. Others
Scrapers.
were finished by chipping before they
were used, and some of these were used until the sharp
ened edges were rounded. Natural bones of the deer and
finished scrapers made from the same bone were found.
Pipes were made from rough pieces of
A fragment of soapstone
which has been partly cut into the form

The Making soapstone.
of Pipes.

of a pipe, may serve to illustrate one stage
in the process, while pipes made of soapstone, and here
classified

under the section of

"

Games, Amusements,
and Smoking," may complete the series showing the
history of the manufacture of pipes.

29
(9)

WEAPONS USED IN WAR.

It is probable that the chipped stone points and
rubbed stone and bone points for arrows, spears, and

knives, mentioned on pages 13 and 14 (Plate II and
Plate III, figs, a-c), were also used in war.
Club heads

made of stone, like the object shown in Plate VII,
fig. g,

were also used as weapons employed in war. All

these have been mentioned under the sections entitled
"The Securing of Food," and "Tools Used by Men."
There were certain implements, however, which were
probably used exclusively in warfare, such as daggers
or lance heads made of bone and antler.
One of these
is ornamented by pits and incised lines.
War clubs
were also found. One is made of copper, and another
by sharpening a short prong of an antler and using the
long one for a handle. Others were made of whaleribs, and are represented by the specimens shown in
Plate XI. These two, each have a knob, at the end of
the handle, carved to represent a human head, in a

style resembling that of the coast.
(10)

DRESS AND ORNAMENT.
Among the specimens which may be
termed

Paint.

luxury are a certain
white earth, red ochre (Plate XII, fig. a),
ochre
yellow
(fig. b), and green copper material (fig. c).
These were, probably, used for painting the face and
articles of

body.

A fragment of a comb made of antler
Combs.

was found.

Sharp bones ornamented by

incised lines and called head-scratchers
the
Indians
of to-day, were also found.
Two of
by
the articles shown in Plate XIV, figs, g, h, and

considered as awls, may be such.
41383

3

30
Skins of deer and birds and woven

made

bark of the sage
Materials, brush and other fibres, were used for
dress. Some fragments of these had not
decayed because of the dryness of the climate.
Others were preserved by the salts of copper, near
pieces of which they were buried.

Dress

fabrics

of the

Copper was made into pendants for
At least one speciCopper
Ornaments. men has been found suspended by a
thong which was preserved by the action
It hung from the middle
of the salts of the copper.
of a necklace made of copper and shell beads strung
upon twisted vegetable fibre. Such copper ornaments
There are some
are reproduced in Plate XII, figs, j, 1.
other copper articles which the modern Indians think
the ear or necklace.

were used by their ancestors for hair ornaments. The
Indians of southern Alaska use hair ornaments of a
While the copper bracelet
similar shape made of iron.
shown in Plate XII, fig. m, may be modern, yet copper
stains on human wrist and ankle bones suggest the
ancient use of bracelets and anklets.

A pear-shaped stone, perforated at the
sma11 end

was found by Mrs Bailey-

>

It is in the Provincial
IS *

toria.

Museum at Vic-

Pieces of galena (Plate XII, fig.k),

mica, calcite crystals,

and sea shells, some of them of

the large scollop (Pecten caurinus), others of Pectunculus (Plate XII, fig. f), and the iridescent haliotis or
abalone, bone daubed with red ochre, pieces of bone,
incisor teeth of the deer, the canine and incisor teeth

31
of the elk, canine teeth of the bear (Plate XII, fig. d)
and wolf, and the claw bones and nails of the bear,

were all made into pendants.
were used as ear-rings.

Perhaps some of these

Many of the beads found were made
Shell Beads, from several kinds of shells, at least three
varieties of which must have come from

One of these is the dentalium shell (Plate XII,

the sea.

only found in deep water. Little
Necklaces were made by
olivella shells were also used.
fig. g).

which

is

stringing shell disks, dentalium shells, sections of such

and copper beads upon twisted vegetable fibre.
In one case the fibre was identified as cedar bark.
Sometimes the dentalium shells were engraved with
shells,

geometric designs.

Some of the beads are of bone, such as
Beads of
Other

are

Materials,

recent times, of copper obtained from

shown in Plate XII, fig. e; while
others, shown in fig. i, were made in

white men.

Some of the articles found were probNose
ably used as nose ornaments, and inserted
Ornaments, horizontally through the septum of the
nose. A bar of wood covered with copper
and preserved by the action of the copper salts, a bar
of white stone, and certain articles made by inserting a
brush or tassel of hair in the large ends of dentalium
Indians still
shells, were probably used in this way.
living remember to have seen such articles worn in the
nose.

32
(11)

GAMES, AMUSEMENTS, AND SMOKING.
Woodchuck and beaver

Dice.

teeth

were

ornamented, some with straight lines,
others with pits. The Indians of to-day

use similar objects in gambling;

it is probable, there
these teeth as dice.
that
the
ancient
Indians
used
fore,

An astragalus bone of the deer, which was found, may
have been used in gambling, or as a buzz. The bars
of bone found decorated by incised lines, and the tubes
cut from bird bone all of which resemble present-day
Indian gambling implements in that country
have been used in games.

may

shells

were

Large perforated pecten
Rattles.

found.
fig. f.

One

shown in Plate XIII,
These must have come from the
is

coast, where the natives, to-day, tie together large
pecten shells, and employ them as rattles when dan

The dances are more often a religious obser
vance rather than a mere amusement, as among us.
cing.

There are other articles which were
Miscellan- probably connected with amusement, or

ecus

religion.

The young people when they

were being trained for adult life, probably
drank through a perforated bone tube,
similar to the one we found in excavating; at least,
this is the explanation which the modern Indians give
The tubes were
of the utility of the tubes found.
Objects.

probably suspended by a cord tied through the
hole.
These specimens, however, may have been
used as whistles or calls rather than in initiations.

33
story of the modern Indian youth s initiation
into tribal manhood is a long one, full of interest.

The

Animal, and fantastic forms chipped from glassy basalt
are said by the modern Indians to have been made as
tests of skill, or for play.

Crystals of calcite (Plate

XIII, fig. d), quartzite, and pretty or grotesque pebbles
of agate and other stones are sometimes found in the
graves. They may have been charms, or symbols of
property.

Old pipes are usually tubular in shape,
and made of soapstone, shaped somewhat

Pipes.

like a slender wine glass.

Some are orna

mented with incised lines. Specimens of old pipes are
shown in Plates XIII, figs, a, e; XIV, figs, a-d; XV, figs.
b,c.

A fragment of one carved in the style of the art of

the coast was found (Plate XV, fig. b).

again under the section on

"Art."

It is mentioned

On one tubular

pipe (Plate XV, fig. c), is a little animal form carved in
the round. The Indian of the present time uses a pipe

with a crook or elbow (Plate XIII, fig. c); but none of
these are found in old graves, although simple pipe
bowls are (Plate XIII, fig. b). As late as 1891, how
ever, there

were Indians who still used the straight

tubular pipe.

The Indians tell us,

that before the

advent of the white man in this region,
they used a native wild tobacco; it is
that
the earlier people used the same. In
probable
recent times the Indians have substituted commercial

Tobacco.

tobacco for the wild tobacco.
with leaves of the bearberry.

They reduce its strength

34
(12)

ART.

The art of this ancient people is one of the most inter
esting of their achievements.

Many of the specimens, such as the
Engraved

antler handle for a digging-stick, the war

Designs.

club

made of copper,

the awls, pipes,

gambling bones, and dentalium shells,
are ornamented with incised or engraved notches and
lines, forming geometric designs or pictographs, both of

which are interpreted by modern Indians. The pur
pose of such specimens has been considered under the
respective sections to which they belong, but the
designs are of interest

to

us here.

An interesting

geometric design is found on one of the pipes in the
national collection. It is shown in Plate XIV, fig.

and another, which represents animal forms in a
or conventional way, is shown in Plate
XIV, fig. d. Judging by what we know of the
modern Thompson Indians, the owners of these
pipes may each have had a dream in which he
thought he received his Manitou, or Guardian
The drawing on his pipe probably represents
Spirit.
the being that appeared to him in that dream.
c;

schematic

A dagger made of antler is ornamented
by little pits. The circle-and-dot design
and Drilled is frequently found on old articles as well

Engraved
Designs.

as on those of modern origin, not only
in this region but also on the plateau to

the south and the coast to the west.

35

The incised geometric and pictographic
The Typical decorations described, as made by
Art of this

engraving

Region.

common
of

them

and drilling, were most
and consequently we think
as

the

type of

art

char

acteristic of the ancient people of Thompson River
valley, in fact of the whole of the southern interior

of British

Plate

Columbia.

This

is

partly illustrated

in

XIV.
sometimes made in
The
bone and stone.
toggle of the dog
halter, previously mentioned, and shown
Carvings

Carvings.

were

on Plate XV, fig. a; as well as the handles of the war
clubs made of whale rib, and represented on Plate
XI, are illustrations of carving in bone; while work in
stone is shown by the fragment of a pipe bowl illustrated
on Plate XV, fig. b. All these represent animal forms,

and are admirably done.

The art resembles somewhat

that of the coast people, and may be the work of the
coast artist or one familiar with coast art.

There seems
to be a slight difference between these carvings and
those of the coast; which suggests that they were made
by the people of the Thompson River valley, though,
doubtless, in imitation of the art of the coast people.

The sculptured animal form on the pipe shown in Plate

XV, fig. c, and those on the tops of pestles (Plate XV,
d), however, seem to be distinctively representa
tive of the art of the Thompson River valley.

fig.

Red paint was used for marking upon
Paintings,

It was probably mixed
with grease, which would prevent its

great boulders.

being washed off by the slight rains of the region.

A

36

sample of rock painted in this way shows the indefinite
outline of these drawings, why copies sometimes differ,
and why a photograph can bring out only a little more
than is apparent to the eye. It is said that these

markings are records of the various experiences of
youths while undergoing the purifications, fastings,
and training necessary to prepare them for admission
to adult society.
These may have been made recently,
as the modern Indians paint geometric and figure
patterns in red ochre on the boulders. Their skill in
this line, as well as in carving, and in ordinary handi
work, is manifestly inferior to that on articles found
on the old sites.

(13)

n

.

METHOD OF BURIAL.

Having considered the

life

of

these

remains to notice some of the
people,
f
~ J
articles found in their graves.
Among
these are rolls of birch bark. The bark
may have been used to line the graves, and in
course of time became rolled up. With the skeleton
are usually
as is the case in many parts of the world
of
the
found the various belongings
individual; some
are often in a pouch placed near the middle of the
it

body, if of a man, tools and implements for hunting;
Red paint
if of a woman, needles, awls, and the like.
and
the
in
the
is frequently found
body was
grave,

probably often painted with it for burial. Near some
It is
of the bodies were found skeletons of dogs.
interesting to note that, in the graves of the coast
people, whether in stone cairns or in shell-heaps, we
seldom find any articles that, apparently, were purposely
buried with the body, such as those above mentioned.

37

The dead were buried a short distance
from
the villages, none were found in
Graves,
The
the house sites. Many of the graves
are in the sandy tops of the foot hills, terraces, and
bottom lands along the streams; they are solitary or
in groups.

Some were covered or marked with a few

boulders, but these are supposed to be of recent origin.
Sometimes the body is found covered with fragments
of a canoe, or a little tipi made of sticks, which have
been preserved below the surface of the sand. Some
of the bones are partly cremated, especially those of
children, as found near Kamloops.

We photographed a grave after the
Opened
Graves.

sand around and within it had been
removed from the skeleton and the

accompanying objects (Plate XVI,

fig.

In all graves the bodies were found to have been
a).
originally buried about two feet deep, flexed on the
side.
Some were wrapped in cloths, and covered with

mats of rushes.

Rockshde

R

.

.

River region there
Thompson
r
,,
another mode of burial, as
illustrated in Plate XVI, fig. b.
The
In the

was

,.

still

body and the articles to be buried with it, were placed
at the base of a rock slide, and then the rocks were
loosened so as to cause them to slide down and cover
all.
Such graves were found marked by large rocks,
or by twigs in the last stages of decay.
One skeleton
resting upon the rockslide was in a little tent of poles
covered with mats made from the stalks of the common
cat tail.
The rockslide had been worked down around
the tent to the height of about two feet over the
413834

38

The

customs as revealed by our
explorations, agree closely with those recorded of the
Thompson Indians, as given by Mr. Teit.
skeleton.

burial

CONCLUSION.
From the various specimens which have withstood
the ravages of time and the weather, we learn certain
facts in regard to the early inhabitants of the Thomp

son River region.

Perceiving that the non-perishable

articles found resemble in general character those made

of similar materials and used similarly by the modern

Indians of this area, we may conclude that many of the
perishable articles and even some of the customs of the
prehistoric people were similar to those of the Indians

inhabiting the region to-day. In fact, it would seem
that the earliest people living in the Thompson

River valley, of whom we have any knowledge, had
the same material culture and led practically the same
life

as that led

by the Indians found there by the

first white explorers.

In other w ords, there is evidence
r

of only one physical type and material culture in this

The modern Indians make their graves like
the prehistoric Indians; they know the use of the rockregion.

slide burial, and they interpret the conventional marks

found on the prehistoric remains. Yet differences
The modern pipe
exist between the old and the new.
is a bowl or has an elbow-crook like a type found on the
Plains.
The absence of native pottery is characteristic
of all British Columbia, in both prehistoric and historic
times.

Ethnological investigations have shown a connexion
of the recent culture of this area with that of the Rocky

39

Mountain region. Correspondingly the old pipes and
mortars are somewhat like those found as far south as
Points rubbed out of slate-like rocks,
California.
harpoon points made of bone and antler, fish knives

made of slate, the sea shells, bone of the whale, and the
resemblance of certain carvings to those of the coast,
point to contact with the coast. On the other hand,
the celts or adzes of the coast are on the average shorter
than those of this area. No specimens made of abalone
shell have been found by us farther to the east than

Both the physical type and the cul
Spence Bridge.
ture suggest that the people of the coast and those of
the interior developed on distinct lines, and that points
of resemblance are due to intercourse.

Such contact, at least with the culture on the coast
and that of the plateau to the south, was greater in the
In recent years the region seems
past than at present.
to have taken elements of material culture from the
east.
The remains in the Lillooet valley show influ
ences of the coast as well as of the interior.
it

is

Here,
obvious that the interior culture and the coast

culture merge.

The culture of the interior of southern British Col
umbia seems to have been a unit; that of the coast
constituted another unit. In central Washington was
a culture differing a little in some respects from that of
the interior of southern British Columbia, but greatly

from that of the coast.

40

PUBLICATIONS ON THE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE
SOUTHERN INTERIOR OF BRITISH
COLUMBIA.
The foregoing account is intended to be a popular
guide for the general public, and for teachers accom
panied by classes. The scientist will find more elabor
ate discussions of the questions in the original sources;

among which the following may be consulted.
Smith, Harlan, I.

.Archeology of Lytton, British
Columbia. (Publications of the
Jesup North Pacific Expedition,
Memoirs of the
Vol. I, Part 3).
American Museum of Natural His
tory, Vol. II, Part 3, 1899.

Smith, Harlan, I.

.Archaeology

of

the

Thompson

River Region, British Columbia.
(Publications of the Jesup North
Pacific Expedition, Vol. I, Part 6).

Memoirs of the American Museum
of Natural History, Vol. II, Part
6,

Teit, James

1900.

.The Thompson Indians of British
Columbia. (Publications of the
Jesup North Pacific Expedition,
Vol. I, Part 4), Memoirs of the
American Museum of Natural His
tory, Vol. II, Part 4, 1900.

Th<.

Securing of Food.

Chipped stone points for arrows, spear*, and knives.
Fig.
a.

b.

c.

Chipped from greenish quartzite. Kr.rr.looprt. Collector, C. F. Newcoiube,
1905.
Cat. No. XI-A-6.VJ.
Chipped from white chalcedony. Burial ground near Lytton. Collector, C.
Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-153.
Chipped from classy basalt. Grave opposite Kam loops. Collector, G. M.
Dax. on. 1888.

d.

e.

f.

\o. Xi-A-iM.

Cal

Chipped from glassy basalt. Grave at Lillouet. Collector, .. M. Daw-on.
1SS!)
Cat. No. XI-A-316.
Chipped from glassy basalt. Burial ground no-ir Lytton. Collector, C. HillTout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-128.
Chipped from chert. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No.
(

XI-A-423.
g.

Main burial place, Lytton. Collector, G. M.
No. XI-A-422.
Chipped from glassy basalt. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroc, 1895,
(at. No. XI-A-106.
C hipped from glas.-v basalt.
Lytton. Colin-tor, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat.
No. Xl-A-546.
Collector, C. Hi 11Burial ground near Lytton.
Chipped from glas>y
Tout, 1899. Cat. \o. XI-A-14S.
Chipped from glassy
1877.

l>awson,

h.

i.

].

k.

1.

)>a.-.-dt.

at

(

.

l>a>alt.

C

hipped fn.
No. XI-A-.V,:
i

.it.

:

(

irave, Lytton.

Colin-tor,

H

.

B. Munroe, 1895.

.

Chipped from glassy ha-alt.

Grave. Lytton.

Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895.

Mo. \l-\-551.
in.

n.

Chipped from glassy liasalt. Grave opposite Kumloops. ( olli-etor, CJ. M.
Dauson. 1888. Cat. No. XI-A-22.
rom surfai-e of Cth site, Lytton.
Point chipped from l-riwn rhalce(lon\
.

ollertur, Harlan
Natural Hi-tory.

(

o.

l-

Auierii-.m Mn^-um of
Smith. 1897. Original -. _T ig. 5.
Smith. "Arch. Lytton." From cast. ( at
"

>

No. \I-A
Chipped from obsidian.

Newcombe, 1905.
p.

!

<

Frnser
at.

riv.-r.

interior

Chipped from mottled yellowish ohaleednny.
Coll-.-tor, .). \V.

41383

M

of

B.C.

C ollector, C. F.

No. XI-A-.~).~>7.

Kay, 1889.

l-

rom 2J miles below Lytton.

Cat. No. XI-A-513.

THE

.II

.

_,.n:

.eovind bus ,s.ii-rcf3 .av/anr, ioi arnioq 9110 la baqqrrfO
.31!
J<J

ng moil bixiqiriO

J|1

.*s

.868-A-IX .oVI .jsO
)

,ioJ:.,si,

.a

bnuuiii khufcl

.vaobsolj.

.SSI-A-IX .uX .tiO

.M

.

IJ

,

iu,ty9lio

Oil bt>qqirf J
.6681 .Juol

.d

iqqul 3

.0

ic.qqirfO

.b

rnoii bsqqirO

.0

.^qoohr

)

/a

.TJ-A-IZ ,o7. .j/ j
:

.M .O .loloaJio J

,noewjsCI

.JaooIIiJ

,,-ml
-

-IliH

.

J .loioalloO

.(jIE-A-17.

.

.noJtvJ u-yn bnn

,,[y

.821- /

.o^ .*eO

.IT8I .noev/jiQ

.M .O

i!

.lOJuoIIoO

.Jiaiio

.ii(i>j
<.J

.tuuT

!8I

nroil

b jqqhfO

.1

-IX

.M .O .TOJoalloO

.no)i^J ,goIq liiiiud

ni

.

,oil baqqiif:)

.3

//sCI

,2681 .ooinuM .H .H .loJoolIoO

.nolty.T .avciO

-::oii fayqqirfO

.ri

.301-A-fX -o/T
.?.68I

..1BJ3

,90-inuM .JT .H /lotoollo )

-IliH .O .loJoalloO

.noJJ^I

.tlfir-

,,,./i}

iv.qquf)

.i

)

4

qqhf)

.jl

x^irfO

.1

.noJ^J usan bauoig Ifihi/a
.8H--

.5681 ,90inuM .9 .H

,

.5681 ,<)Oini;M .a .II ,TOJ-JK,

.M .O

,TOJo9lIo 3

.fiqooiniB>I

oJitoqq

.SS-A-IX .oX .te J
.noli tJ .sJig rfJ9 lo aofibi
lo muaauM njaohoniA ni -,i:i r liiiiighO
.)aO Jeso raoil
.no) t-{J "ilin A"

(iv/oid

.T68I

,<ltirnfe

.1

b jqqirf J

i-4
i-uni
.8881

moil boqqirin
ruduill

.(.>!

>^\\o

iriiol

m

.

.n

.)

"

.

.aflo-A-lX

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wolgd *

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;

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.Slfi-A-IX .oTI

.

o
q

PLATE II.

The securing of food.

41383

PLAT* IV.

PLATE IV.
The Preparation of Food.
Mortar or anvil made of a boulder. Boothroyd s flat, 11 miles above Boston Bur.
Gift of H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-733.

41

U3
The preparation of food.

.VI
.boo l
i

notaofl -jvodu aelim II .laft s b^oidiooS.

.88T-A-IX

.o>!

.isfaii/od

.teD

.6681

lo sbsra livftjj 10 isJioM
.aoinuM .3 .H to iliO

!

The preparation of food.

.

ME IV.

PlATB V.

PLATE V.
The Preparation of Food.
Fig.
a.

Fish-knife made of slate.

tlrave, Lytton.

Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895.

Cat. No. Xl-A-758.
b.

Pestle or hammer of type common near Kamloops, made of stone.
Cat. No. XI-A-736.
ollrrtor, J. McEvoy, 1 V 4.

Kamloope.

(

C.

Pestle or hammer of type comnion near the mouth of Thompson river, made
..f -tone.
Lytton. Gift of H. B. Munroe. 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-738.

41383

.V

3TAJ1

.bool lo
Si *

.6681

,eoinuM .9 .H .loJoalloO

.mxtJxJ .svaiO

.9iela Jo

sbam

r

9lin>l-dai

I

.8S7-A-IX .oft .luO
.ono^g lo abam .aqooImflH lean nornmoo aq^i 1 laminar! 10 alJas I
.8qooIma>I
.3ST-A-IX .oV[ .*sO .1-681 .^ovaaM .1 .loJoallo )
e*bara .isvh noaqmoriT lo diuom ^d) lasa nomrnoa eq^t to ismmad 10 alJaal
.88T-A-IX .o /I .Jarj .S68I .soinuM .9 .H
JliO
.noit^J -snoJg lo

.

.d

.0

k>

888U

PLATE V.

The preparation of food.

nauimuons.
Habitations.
a.

View across the Frascr river from the main site at Lytton, showing in thforeground a hole surrounded by an embankment t he remains of an ancient
semi-subterranean house.

b.

Recent semi-subterranean winter hou.e
valley.

of

the

Thompson

Indians,

Nicola

.17

3/lt

nj jjhiworig

,noJix>J

JnsiDni na \o 8niJ8rti9i 9/lJ

Jiusm sift moil isvii iseBil adi BBOIOJB waiV
Jnemjlrmdme HB ^d bsbnuonua alort & bnuoisaiol

*B 9*i

.aauori n

alooiVI

.enaibnl noeqmorfT adi to ssuorf i;iiniw naanfinatdue-iraae inaoafl

.d

881*

PLATE VI.

-

sr.a -

Jk

r

*

fei*<**

u

I

SK*M

*

.~

B
Habitation*.

PLATE VII.
Tools Used by Men.
Fig.
a.

Celt make of green stone showing groove by means of which it was cut out, and
stain of haft.
Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No.
XI-A-762.

b.

Double bitted celt made of green stone, showing grooving. Grave, Lytton.
Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-7ti3.
Whetstone made of mica schist. Grave, I.ytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe,

c.

1895.

d.

Cat. No. XI-A-813.

Arrow shaft smoother made of sandstone.
at. No. XI-A-797.
Munroe, 1895.

Collector, H. H.

Grave, I.ytton.

(

e.

Wedge made of antler.

Lytton.

Collector,

G. M. Dawson, 1877.

Cat. No.

XI-A-791.
f.

Very thin celt made of green stone.
1895.

g.

Grave. Lvtton.

(

ollector, H. B. Munroe,

Cat. No. XJ-A-764.

Grooved pebble.

Lytton.

Collector, G.

Cat. No. XI-A-

M. Dawson, 1877.

795.
h.

i.

j.

k.
1.

Scraper chipped from red jasper.
Cat. No. XI-A-631.

Lytton.

Collector, C

C

.

Hill-Tout, J899.

Scraper chipped from yellowish chaloedonv. Lytton. ( (.Hector, C. HillPout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-C32.
Point chipped from glassy basalt, for a drill. Grave, Lytton.
Gift of H. B.
Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. M-A-630.
Point chipped from Classy basalt, for a drill. Main burial place, Lytton.
Collector, G. M. Dmwson, 1877. Cut. No. XI-A-441.
Point chipped from glassy basalt, for knife.
Collector
Grave, Lytton.
H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XT A 56.

Tools uaed by men.

.IIV 3TAJ<I
.naM ^d bsaU elooT

V*

ba& ,$UQ Juo 8BW Ji doidw to enjssm ^d avooig sniwode gnoJa 119913 to gjlBm ilaO
.oM .toO .5681 ,90-inuM.H: .H .mtoglloO .aoti^J ,9VBiO .Jlari
nifiig

.a

k>

.S37-A-IX
.aatJYJ ,9VBiO .snivooia gniwoxfe .snoia nssig to abjsm Jbo b9iJid slduoQ
.88Y-A-IX .oM .JsO .5681 ,winuM .fl .H .lotosIIoO
,9OinuM .S .H .loioalloO .noiJ^J ,aviO .Jairioe aotm to abflrn anoiaiarfW
.818-A-ix .oM .*BO .cesi
.rt

.H .loioslloD

.noJiyJ ,9YBiO

.9no,tabn8 to ab^m igdiooma iljada won A
.JsO .5081 ,9OinuM
.T6T-A-IX

.d

.0

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.")

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.9

.16T-A-IX

,9OinuM .fl .H .mfooIfcO

.noJJ\rJ ,9viO

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.W7-A-IX .oM .*BO

-A-IX

.o>I

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.TT8I

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.1

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.6681

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.

)

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moil bgqqida isqaiog
.18d-A-IX .oVT .teO

dgiwolb^ moil bgqqido I9qxsio8

.289-A-IX .oVL .ieO

.3 .H to JliO

.noJJvJ ,9vsiO

nisM

.6681 ,*uoT

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.TT81 .noawBQ .M .O ,TO*o9lIoO

,

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.elind 10! .Jlaead visaBls moil baqqido dniol
.35-A-IX .oVL .*BD .5681 .eoinuM .9 .H

.1

PLATE VII.

}

~.

.

.

Tools used by men.

.IIIV
.neraoW ^d baaU elooT
-8*1

.M .O

.sgbha aonaqB

,ioio9lk>O

.aJisJisup moil baqqirio isqBioa niilS

.*S8-A-IX .ott .1*0
.6681 ,JuoT-IIiH .O ,ioJo9lIo3

.stistTBUp moil baqqirio laqaioa nijig

.noJix-^I

.B

.OQ8I .noawBd
.d

.6S8-A-IX .oH .JaO
.loiosiloO

.sgbha 9on9q8

.slind fl yldisaoq ,JlBad Casals moil baqqido shalQ
.6881 ^miuM .1. dsuoid) noav/BQ .M .O

.0

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.b

IwA

.9

absm IwA

.1

.bfl8-A-IX .ott .JaO

-A-IX .oVT JaO
-tsO

,

.6681 .JuoT-IJiH .O .-icrtoalloO

.5681 .aotfltiM

.H .H ,iot39llo 3

.noHv.I

.noJJvJ ,*) rsiQ

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.TS8-A-IX .oM

.oM

r

.ta )

.9881

.noewaCI .M .O ,io)o9llo 3

JoooIIiJ

.9nod lo

PLATE VIII.

Tools used by women.

PLATE IX.
The Manufacture of Special Objects.
Fig.
a.

Boulder of green stone showing grooving and break by means of which a piece
was detached. Near Lytton. Collector, C. Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No.

b.

Quartz crystal.

c.

Celt made of green stone showing grooving by means of which it was cut out.
Main burial place, Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No
XI-A-768.
Celt made of green stone showing grooving and break by means of which it
was cut out. Grave, Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No
XI-A-765.

XI-A-858.

d.

Possibly used to cut grooves in green stones.
Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-860.

Grave, Lytton.

isbluofl
naeTs
909tq B rioiriw to enasni ^d dfisid bna anivooiy ani-woffa anota
T
.6681 ,JuoT-JIiH .O ,ioJooIIoO
.b^doB^ob BBW
.oVI .*B 3
.aoiJ-^J TBO /[
k>

.B

r

.8S8-A-IX
.asnoJg n99ts ni agvooia Juo o* boau xWieeo 1!
(JBYIO s*iBi/P
.088-A-IX .o^I JsO .6681 ,9oinuM .H .H .loJoalloO

.d

.Juo iuo BBW ti doirivsr lo anBsrn v;d gnivoois sniworig anoJe naais lo abBtn JlaO
.7781 ,no/TBQ .M .O .loJoallo )
.oW. .i&O
.acxti^J ,90Blq Iniiud niflM

.0

.noiJ^J ,9VBiO

.

.887-A-IX

doidw

to eriBsm ^d >fB9id bnB anivoois aniwods onoJs (19973 lo gbfirn JlsO
.5981 .soituiM .3 .H ,io:fo9llo3
.no^JvJ ,9VBiO .Juo Juo BBW
.oVI .JB^")

ii

.587-A-IX

.b

PLATE IX.

The manufacture of special objects.

PLvrt

X.

PLATE X.
.

The Manufacture of Special Objects.

Boulder showing pecking around the middle and at the ends by means of which
it was being reduced to the form of a pestle or hammer.
Lytton. Col
Cat. No. XI-A-745.
lector, C. Hill-Tout, 1899.

The manufacture of

ep<

rial

.X HTAJI
laioaqS to etui o Kin

nM arfT

rfoiriw to snaara ^^ ebna sift JB bnaslbbim sriJ bnuoie snijloaq aniwoiia iobluo9
.noJJ^J .ismmcd 10 slieaq to rrnol orfJ oi bsoubai gniad asw
.fl^-A-IX .oM .*aO .OG8I ,*uoT-[IiH

-loO

.

PLATE

The manufacture of special objects.

X

.

PLATE XI.
Weapons Used in War.
Clubs made of whale s bone. Kamloops. Collector, Harlan I. Smith, on
Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897.
Fig.

American Museum
No. Xl-A-862.

a.

Original 2 J8 8 in

b.

Original

}S t in

Natural History.

American Museum of Natural History.

No. XI-A-S63.

41383

of

From cast.

Cat,

From

Cat.

cast.

..IX
.HsW ni fana J
no ,dtim3

.1

nahfiH

inoi"?

.onod a olarfw lo
.loiaello )
.eqoolmfiyt
.7681 .noiJihsqxS oftioBl rf)io T/[

.\riot8iH

iBiuiaK to

musauM nBohamA ni

8

sham aduIO

E

-iX
JSBO

moiT

T
.vioteiH iBiutB /T lo

luoiai
0>I

moaeuM nBii9mA ni r|i s lanisnO
""

.d

VIX .o /I

-

PLATE XI.

i

Weapons used in war.

41383

t

f

PLATE
I

>n

.-.a

and Ornament

p*.

Red ochre.

Lytton. Collector. H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-S65.
Vermilion cliff, Tulameen river, ("ollector, L. M. Lain be,
Cat. No. XI-A-866a.
1906.
Green paint. Lytton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-S67.

Yellow ochre.

.1.

Vndant made by porforat ing the canine tooth of a bear. Lytton. Collector,
G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-868.
Bead* made of bone. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G.M. Dawson, 1889. Cut.
XI-A-874a b, c, d, e.
PerfoBftted Pacific Ocean shell (Pectunculus).
Collector, (1. M
Lytton.
Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-87G.
Pacific Ocean tooth shells (dent* Hum). Grave, Lillooet.
Collector, G. M
Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-879 a, b, c, d.
Pendant made of shell. Summit of Murray mountain.
Collector, G. M.
Dawson. 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-881.
Modern copper beads on braided string. Kamloop*. Collector, W. F.Tolmir,
Cat. No. XI-A-884.
188*.
I

\"

,

Copper pendant.

Grave, Lytton.

Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1S95.

Cat. No.

XI-A
Pendant mad of galena. Grave,
(.
Collector, .. M. Dawson, 1889.
Cat. No. XI-A-882.
Copper pendant. Grave, Lyt ton. Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No
M-A-S86.
Bracelet made of copper, perhaps modern. Grave, Lytton. C.jft of H. B
Munroe, 1895. Cat. No, XI-A-887.
rC
-

I.ill.<K

H^r

ornament.

<

.IIZ
.JnamamO baa eaaiQ
.8*1

.mtoalloO .nott^J .siAm bafl
.M .J .loJoallor) .igvh noarnaluT ,ftilo noilirmgV .9irfoo wollsY
.B888-A-IX .oVL .taO .8061
.T98-A-IX
.5681 ,90inuM .a .H .lOJooIIoO
.nott^J .JniaqnaaiO
.iad B lo riJooJ aninso art* g/irjBiohaq ^d 9bsrn Jnabna*!
.888-A-IX .oYi JaO .7T8I .noewaQ .M .O

.598-A-IX .ott .JaD

.5681 .goinuM .tt .H

.a

.d

.o>I

.6881 ,no8w(I

.M.O .loiosIIoD

.s.b.o ,d

.M .O

4

.(euluonuios !)

.noJJyiJ

Ilsria

.OT8-A-IX

.M .O

.t-jooJli.I

losbBm eb^sS
JJK8-A-IX .oM

.gaod

.JeooIIiJ.avBiO

,

tiBsoO oftioal

.o>I

Ja3

.7781

.

,ovBi!3 .(muilatnab) alfsria riJoo* nsooO
.teO .7781
.b ,o ,d ,B 6Y8-A-IX
.o>I

.

.M .O .TOiooIIo )

.niBinuom vnni;M lo Jirnmug .Ilsrfa lo sbfim dnabnel
T
.I88-A-IX .O ^ .isO .6881 .noawrtd
babiBid no absad isqqoo maboM
.airaloT .1 .W .loioallo ) .aqooIfnfiH
.t-88-A-IX .(M. .taO .*88I
.oVT .JsO
.6881

.5681 .oo inuM .fl

.noewsQ

.

M .O

.H

,iot:>9llo

vBiO

.

)

.Jnebnaq isqqoO
.588-A-IX

gbsm Jasbngl

,9VBiO

.S88-A-IX .oM JBO

.5681 ,90-inul/. .H

.H

,eviO

.infibngq igqqoO

.888-A-IX

.H lo iliO

.svaiO

.mabom aqailiaq ,i9qqoo lo gbam
.788-A-IX .oM .taO

.5681 ,9OTnuM

.b

PLATE XII.

Dress and ornament.

PLATE XIII.
Games, Amusements, and Smoking.
Fig.
ilW.-liM,
Tubular pipe made of soapstone. Grave, Lytton. Collector, G.
1S77.
Cat. No. XI-A-896.
Gift of J. W. McKay, 1890.
Cat.
Grave, Lytton.
Pipe made of aospstone.
No. XI-A-902.
Elbow pipe made of soapstone. Probably modern. Nicola. Cat. No. XI-

a.

b.
c.

A-903.
Collector, H. B. Munroe, 1895.

Cat. No.

d.

Crystal of calcite.
XI-A-908.

e.

Fragment of pipe made of sandstone, daubed with red paint. Grave, Lytton.
Gift of H. B. Munroe, 1895. Cat. No. XI-A-907.
Perforated Pacific Ocean shell (Peclen covrinus, Gould). Probably one of num
ber for a rattle. Found under three feet of gravel opposite Day bar. Gift
of F. Soues.
Cat. No. XI-A 909.

f.

Grave, Lytton.

41 ,::
:

Gamca, amusements, ai

.IIIX 3TAJ<I
S bae .e
.

.noewaCI .M .) .loJosIIoO

.nott^J ,9VBiO

.gnoiaqsoa lo abam aqiq iBluduT

.868-A-IX .oM .cTaO
.taO

.0681 .xaXoM .W .llo JliD

.nott^J .avjeiD

.B

.T78I

.snoJaqBoa lo abam

9qi<I

.SOQ-A-IX
.onoieqaoe lo absra aqiq wodlH

.d

.o>I

-IX .oVL .*aD

.alooiM

.mabom ^Idndoi !
1

.0

.806-A
.oVl .JaO

.S08I ,90iauM .a .H .lotoalloO

.noJ^J ,9VBiO

-9>tiolBololB*8^iD

.b

.806-A-IX

.noM^Jt ,9VBiO

.tniBq bgi riJiw bedimb .anotabnsa lo gbsm 9qiq lo ing/naB-il
.706-A-IX .oM JaO .6681 .aoinuM .H .H lo iliO

-mun lo 9no ^Idfidqil .(bluoO ,8um-vwno waiDal) Ilgria naaoO ailioB ! bgtBiohgl

.9

4

JliO

.TBd v,8d gJiaoqqo IgvBia lo teal ggiiiJ isbaa bnuo !

.glWfii B iol igd
. 89 uo8
.609 A-IX .oVL .)aD
.1 lo

.1

PLATE XIII.

Games, amusements, and smoking.

41383

PLATE XIV.
Art.
Incised, Geometric, and Pictographic Characteristic of the Southern Interior
of British Columbia.
Fig.
a.
Incised pictograph on pipe made of soapstone. Lytton. Collector, C. Hill-

Tout.
b.

Cat. No. XI-A-926.

Incised pietopraph on fragment of pipe made of soapstone.

H. B. Munroe, 1895.
c.

Incised pictograph on pipe made of soapstone.
G. M. Dawson, 1877. Cat. No. XI-A-028.

d.

Incised pictograph on pipe

(

No".

f.

g.

h.

i.

Gift of

made of soapstone.

Grave, Lytton.

Collector,

Lytton. Collector, C. HillCat. No. XI-A-929.
Incised pictograph on antler handle of digging stick. From surface, Lytton.
dllci tor. Harlan I. Smith on Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897.
Or
From cast.
iginal sA-js in the American Museum of Natural History.
Cat.
XI-A-930.
Incised design on tip of antler. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877.
Cat. No. XI-A-931.
Incised notches and desinn on awl made of bone. Grave, Lillooet. Collector,
G. M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-932.
Incised design on awl made of bone. Lytton. Collector, G. M. Dawson, 1877,
Cat. No. XI-A-933.
Incised design on sap scraper made of antler. Grave, Lillooet. Collector, G.
M. Dawson, 1889. Cat. No. XI-A-934.
Tout, 1899.

e.

Lytton.

Cat. No. XI-A-927.

41383

.VIZ 3TAJ1
lohgjnl mgrfJiJoS odi lo aitaratatfiadO aidqwisoJoi*! bna .ohtemoaD .baebnl

.BidmukO jffii-JhH lo
Si?
-IliH .D .lotaelloO

.noJjyJ

.anotaqBO? lo a bain aqiq no /fqBigotoiq boeioal

.826-A-IX .oVl .teO .JuoT
lo rtiO
.noi^x^I
inotHqo lo
oqiq lo tnsmsuil no Aqenyp^lq bsbnl
.H
.5681 .miniiM
.TS6-A-IX .oY. .ta
,iatooIIoO .noJJyJ ,9Yil) .onoieqjiOR lo obi;m oqiq no riqeisoJoiq bsKionl
.TTRf ,noawa .M .O
.8S6-/.-IZ .oVI .tel
-IliH .!) ,ioi )9llo )
.nolf^J
.onoJsqisoe lo <)bm oqiq no riqaisotoiq li-v-.ionl
.ese-A-IX .oM .Ju 3 .6081 ,iaoT
.doit? anisgib lo albnfirl lohns no flqmsotoi
bg^iDnl
.noiiyJ. ,ooBhu8 rnoi I
A68I ,noi,tiboqx3. ofii^Bl iltio^ quasi, no rfiimf-i .1 nahfiH .l
i
raoi^
.th
.Y ioiiH Iii;iB>T lo niuaeuM nB-ih^rnA ^rlt ni ^i A T
.OP.Q-A-IX .O ^ .tBO
."781
,noewaQ .M .O ,ioJoHo 3 .not.i-,r^ .TjlJnjj lo qrj no ngigsb baai-ml
.I86-A-IX .o/I .iaO
Jaoolliwl ,9VBiO
.anod lo obem I-ws no njjiaeb bns garioton bseionl
.loJoalloD
.S86-A-IX .o/l .tB 3 .6881 .noawsQ .M .O
.

9bm

")

.B

.d

.

.

.o

.b
.e

-i(>

.

,TT8I ,noaw/?Q .M .O .TOtooIIoO

.noi) {J

.O .loioalloy

.lalina lo 9bj5/n isqeina qfia no ngiagb bgsionl
T
.^86-A-IX .o /I -taO .6881 .noawed .M

.JoooIIiJ ,9VBiD

.anocf lo obfirn IWB no ngiaab bssionl
r
.E86-A-IX .o/I JB J

.1

.3
.ri

.i

PLATE XIV.

Art.

PLATE XV.
Art.

Carved Animal Forms.

The first ^two show influence of the art of the coast.

Fig.
a.

b.

Animal form carved on a dog halter toggle made of antler.
Grave, Lytton.
Collector, Harlan I. Smith, on the Jesup North Pacific Kxpedition, 1897.
The original is jjfju in the American Museum of Natural History. From
cast. Cat, No. XI-A-W5.
Fragment of an animal form carved in soapstone,
part of a pipe bowl.
Collector, Harlan I. Sniith, on the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897.
Original j$J T in Americin Museum of Natural History. From cast. Cat.
l>eing

No. XI-A-936.
c.

d.

Animal figure carved on a pipe made of soapstone. From Thompson Indian
area. Collector, C. Hill-Tout, 1899. Cat. No. XI-A-937.
Animal head carved on a pcstl- made of stone. South Thompson valley
Collector, A. B. Clarke, 1893.

e.

Cat. No. XI-A-757.

Human forms carved in stone.
Victoria.
A-938a.

Kamloops. Original in Provincial Museum,
Formerly owned by C. Hill-Tout. From cast. Cat. No. XI-

Art.

.VX 3TAJ1
.ermol laminA baviaO

.Jasoo gdJ to JIB arfo to ganguftni worie owJ^ Jeifl sriT

no bsviBO raiol laminA
.isIiriB to abam slaaoi isdlBd gob
,9VBiD
1
.Y68I .nohibaqxL*! oRioa ! AiinVL qi/ggl, ariJ no ,rfJim8 .1 nsIiaH .loioalloO
.vioJaiH lawisVL to mu^gi/M naonemA orft ni 5 |!^ r ei iBnigho sriT

.e

.fwod sqiq B to tisq sniad .enoiaqBoa ni baviBD rmol IsrainB HB to JnamjiBi !
.7681 .noiiibsq/a ofiioBl diioVL quasi 9iiJ no ,r(Jira8 .1 fiBhaH ,ioto9lloO
.vmteiH IfiiuJaVl to mugeuM nBoii9mA ni T f J E iBnighO
.JfiO .Jean moil
.686-A-IX .oM
naibnl noaqraoHT moi^ .gnotaqaoa to gbBm aqiq B no bgviBD giusft IfirainA
.TF.6-A-IX .oM .teO .6081 ,iuoT-IIiH .O .loJoglloO .B9iB
no baviBo bs9d iB/ninA
^ 9IIBV noeqmojrfT riJuoft .gnoJa to gbsni al^egq
JBO .8081 .gjhfilO .9 .A .TO^oalloC)
.767-A-IX
.eqoolraBH .gno^a ni bgviBO amiol nBOii/H
.rnijgaijM [fiionivoi I nt [BnighO
-IX .oM ..taO .taBO moil .JuoT-IIiH .D ^d benwo ^hsannb ? .BiioJoiY

.d

r>

.

.o>l

.n

.b

.

1

.B886-A

.9

PLATE XV.

Art.

PLATE XVI.
Method of Burial.
a.

b.

Skeleton uncovered by exploration in main burial place, Lytton.
Rock slide with graves, Nicola valley.

B
!

burial.

.IVX
.lijhufl lo bodteM

si *
,99filq Isiiud nJBm ni noiJeioJqxa ^d baiavoonu nolalajlg

.s

.^allav clooiVI ,B9VBia rfiiw abila JooH

.d

PLATE XVI.

B
Method of burial.

#?/<>

YD 17763

279296

.778
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

UBRARY